Editing Bashkirs (section)

===Haplogroups===

====Maternal haplogroups====
[[File:Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA).PNG|thumb|300px|right|[[Haplogroup R1b]] is most common in Bashkirs and in Western Europe]]

====Paternal haplogroups====
Genetic studies on [[Y chromosome|Y-DNA haplogroups]] have revealed that the three dominant paternal haplogroups for Bashkir males are the [[haplogroup R1b]], [[haplogroup R1a]], and the [[Haplogroup N-M231|haplogroup N1c]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trofimova |first1=N. V. |last2=Litvinov |first2=S. S. |last3=Khusainova |first3=R. I. |last4=Penkin |first4=L. N. |last5=Akhmetova |first5=V. L. |last6=Akhatova |first6=F. S. |last7=Khusnutdinova |first7=E. K. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Genetic characterization of populations of the Volga-Ural region according to the variability of the Y-chromosome |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=108–115 |doi=10.1134/S1022795414120138 |pmid=25857199 |issn=1608-3369}}</ref> Haplogroups [[Haplogroup C-M217|C-M217]], [[Haplogroup O-M175|O]], and [[Haplogroup D1|D1]], were found at lower frequencies among Bashkir males, and together make up roughly 11,5%.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1093/molbev/msr221|title = The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations|year = 2012|last1 = Yunusbayev|first1 = B.|last2 = Metspalu|first2 = M.|last3 = Jarve|first3 = M.|last4 = Kutuev|first4 = I.|last5 = Rootsi|first5 = S.|last6 = Metspalu|first6 = E.|last7 = Behar|first7 = D. M.|last8 = Varendi|first8 = K.|last9 = Sahakyan|first9 = H.|last10 = Khusainova|first10 = R.|last11 = Yepiskoposyan|first11 = L.|last12 = Khusnutdinova|first12 = E. K.|last13 = Underhill|first13 = P. A.|last14 = Kivisild|first14 = T.|last15 = Villems|first15 = R.|journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume = 29|pages = 359–365|pmid = 21917723}}</ref><ref name="lob">{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816193639/http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|title=Лобов А. С. Структура генофонда субпопуляций башкир. Диссертация кандидата биологических наук. — Уфа, 2009.- 131 с.|archive-date=August 16, 2011|language=ru}}</ref> Near Eastern-associated haplogroups J2 and G2 make up roughly 8,5%.<ref name="lob" />

In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashkir, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%).<ref name="lob"/>

Archaeogenetic analyses show a similarity between historical [[Hungarians]], whose homeland is around the [[Ural Mountains]], and Bashkirs; analysis of [[Haplogroup N-M231|haplogroup N]]3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade [N-B539/Y13850] splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashkirs are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Post|first1=Helen|last2=Németh|first2=Endre|last3=Klima|first3=László|last4=Flores|first4=Rodrigo|last5=Fehér|first5=Tibor|last6=Türk|first6=Attila|last7=Székely|first7=Gábor|last8=Sahakyan|first8=Hovhannes|last9=Mondal|first9=Mayukh|last10=Montinaro|first10=Francesco|last11=Karmin|first11=Monika|date=24 May 2019|title=Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|page=7786|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6|pmid=31127140|pmc=6534673|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7786P|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

A genetic study published in ''Scientific Reports'' in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin]]. The majority of them (60%) carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 40% of East Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to modern Bashkirs. [[Haplogroup I-M438#I2a-L621|Haplogroup I2a1a2b]] was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among [[South Slavs]]. A wide variety of [[phenotype]]s were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements.<ref name="Neparaaczki20192">{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |display-authors=1 |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=9 |issue=16569 |page=16569 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 |pmc=6851379 |pmid=31719606 |ref={{harvid|Neparáczki et al.|2019}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fóthi |first1=Erzsébet |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Angéla |last3=Fehér |first3=Tibor |last4=Gugora |first4=Ariana |last5=Fóthi |first5=Ábel |last6=Biró |first6=Orsolya |last7=Keyser |first7=Christine |date=2020-01-14 |title=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0 |issn=1866-9565|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ArAnS..12...31F }}</ref> A group of Bashkirs from the [[Burzyansky District|Burzyansky]] and [[Abzelilovsky District|Abzelilovsky]] districts of the Republic of [[Bashkortostan]] in the [[Idel-Ural|Volga-Ural]] region who belong to the R1a subclade [[R1a-SUR51]] are the closest kin to the Hungarian [[Árpád dynasty]], from which they got separated 2000 years ago.<ref name="Nagy202">{{Citation |last1=Nagy |first1=P.L. |title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third |date=2020 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z |pmc=7809292 |pmid=32636469 |display-authors=etal |last2=Olasz |first2=J. |last3=Neparáczki |first3=E. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R-SUR51 Y-DNA Haplogroup |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-SUR51/ |website=YFull}}</ref>