Editing Basal ganglia (section)

==Clinical significance==
{{Main|Basal ganglia disease}}
[[Basal ganglia disease]] is a group of [[movement disorder]]s that result from either excessive output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus – [[hypokinesia|hypokinetic disorders]], or from insufficient output – [[Hyperkinesia|hyperkinetic disorders]]. Hypokinetic disorders arise from an excessive output from the basal ganglia, which inhibits the output from the thalamus to the cortex, and thus limits voluntary movement. Hyperkinetic disorders result from a low output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus which gives not enough inhibition to the thalamic projections to the cortex and thus gives uncontrolled/involuntary movements. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia circuitry can also lead to other disorders.<ref name="Delong">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeLong MR, Wichmann T | title = Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–24 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17210805 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.64.1.20 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The following is a list of disorders, conditions, and symptoms that have been linked to the basal ganglia: {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Addiction]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J | title = Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–21 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11784818 | pmc = 1737705 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.72.1.12 }}</ref><ref name="hikida2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Macpherson T, Hikida T | title = Role of basal ganglia neurocircuitry in the pathology of psychiatric disorders | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 6 | pages = 289–301 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 30734985 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12830 | s2cid = 73417196 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Athetosis]]<ref name="yanagisawa">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yanagisawa N | title = Functions and dysfunctions of the basal ganglia in humans | journal = Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences | volume = 94 | issue = 7 | pages = 275–304 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30078828 | pmc = 6117491 | doi = 10.2183/pjab.94.019 | bibcode = 2018PJAB...94..275Y }}</ref>
* [[Athymhormic syndrome]] ([[PAP syndrome]])
* [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD)
* [[Blepharospasm]]
* [[Bruxism]]
* [[Cerebral palsy]]: basal ganglia damage during second and third trimester of pregnancy
* [[Chorea]]<ref name="yanagisawa" />
* [[Dystonia]]<ref name="yanagisawa" /><ref name="medplus">{{cite web |title=Basal ganglia dysfunction: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001069.htm |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Epilepsy]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bröer S | title = Not Part of the Temporal Lobe, but Still of Importance? Substantia Nigra and Subthalamic Nucleus in Epilepsy | journal = Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience | volume = 14 | pages = 581826 | year = 2020 | pmid = 33381016 | pmc = 7768985 | doi = 10.3389/fnsys.2020.581826 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Fahr's disease]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" />
* [[Foreign accent syndrome]] (FAS)
* [[Huntington's disease]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" /><ref name="medplus" />
* [[Kernicterus]]
* [[Lesch–Nyhan syndrome]]
* [[Major depressive disorder]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kempton MJ, Salvador Z, Munafò MR, Geddes JR, Simmons A, Frangou S, Williams SC | title = Structural neuroimaging studies in major depressive disorder. Meta-analysis and comparison with bipolar disorder | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 68 | issue = 7 | pages = 675–690 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21727252 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.60 | doi-access = free }} see also MRI database at [http://sites.google.com/site/depressiondatabase/ www.depressiondatabase.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513083006/http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/68/7/675 |date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" /><ref name="Radua and Mataix-Cols, 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Radua J, Mataix-Cols D | title = Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 195 | issue = 5 | pages = 393–402 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19880927 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=radua2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Radua J, van den Heuvel OA, Surguladze S, Mataix-Cols D | title = Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 67 | issue = 7 | pages = 701–711 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20603451 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70 | doi-access = free }}
</ref>
* Other [[anxiety disorder]]s<ref name="hikida2019" /><ref name=radua2010 />
* [[PANDAS (disorder)]]
* [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" /><ref name="medplus" />
* [[Restless legs syndrome]]
* [[Schizophrenia]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" /><ref name="hikida2019" />
* [[Spasmodic dysphonia]]
* [[Stuttering]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alm PA | title = Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations | journal = Journal of Communication Disorders | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 325–369 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15159193 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001 }}</ref>
* [[Sydenham's chorea]]
* [[Tardive dyskinesia]], caused by chronic [[antipsychotic]] treatment
* [[Tourette syndrome|Tourette's syndrome]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" />
* [[Wilson's disease]]<ref name="Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia" /><ref name="medplus" />
}}