Editing BDSM (section)

=== Medical categorization ===
{{See also|Sexual sadism disorder|Sexual masochism disorder}}
Reflecting changes in [[social norm]]s, modern medical opinion is now moving away from regarding BDSM activities as medical disorders, unless they are nonconsensual or involve significant distress or harm.

In 1995, Denmark became the first [[European Union]] country to have completely removed [[sadomasochism]] from its national classification of diseases. This was followed by Sweden in 2009, Norway in 2010, Finland in 2011, and Iceland in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revisef65.org/Sweden.html|title=Fetish and SM diagnoses deleted in Sweden|publisher=ReviseF65|date=17 November 2008|access-date=4 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227102407/http://www.revisef65.org/Sweden.html|archive-date=27 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revisef65.org/friskmelding_eng.html|title=SM and fetish off the Norwegian sick list|publisher=[[ReviseF65]]|date=6 February 2010|access-date=4 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206222549/http://www.revisef65.org/friskmelding_eng.html|archive-date=6 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revisef65.org/finland_eng.html|title=Finland joins Nordic sexual reform|publisher=[[ReviseF65]]|date=13 May 2011|access-date=7 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621034733/http://www.revisef65.org/finland_eng.html|archive-date=21 June 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revisef65.net/2018/11/17/iceland/|title=Iceland removes Sadomasochism as a diagnosis|date=17 November 2018|website=Revise F65|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=27 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040705/https://revisef65.net/2018/11/17/iceland/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== DSM ====
In the past, the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM), the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s manual, defined some BDSM activities as sexual disorders.<ref name=Gerson2015>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/bdsm-versus-the-dsm/384138/|title=BDSM Versus the DSM|last=Gerson|first=Merissa Nathan|date=2015-01-13|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-07-13|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713141700/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/bdsm-versus-the-dsm/384138/|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Following campaigns from advocacy organizations including the [[National Coalition for Sexual Freedom]],<ref name=Gerson2015/> the current version of the DSM, [[DSM-5]], excludes consensual BDSM from diagnosis when the sexual interests cause no harm or distress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Paraphilic%20Disorders%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Paraphilic Disorders |date=2013 |website=dsm5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |access-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724010712/https://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Paraphilic%20Disorders%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==== ICD ====
The [[World Health Organization]]'s [[International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD) has changed in regard to BDSM in recent years.

In Europe, an organization called [[:de:ReviseF65]] worked to remove sadomasochism from the ICD.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiersøl O, Skeid S |title=The ICD diagnoses of fetishism and sadomasochism |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=50 |issue=#2–3 |pages=243–62 |year=2006 |pmid=16803767 |doi=10.1300/J082v50n02_12 |s2cid=7120928 }}</ref>

On 18 June 2018, the WHO ([[World Health Organization]]) published [[ICD-11]], in which sadomasochism, together with [[Sexual fetishism|fetishism]] and fetishistic transvestism ([[cross-dressing]] for sexual pleasure) are now removed as psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, discrimination against fetish-having and BDSM individuals is considered inconsistent with human rights principles endorsed by the United Nations and The World Health Organization.<ref name=":ICD1" />

The classifications of sexual disorders reflect contemporary sexual norms and have moved from a model of pathologization or criminalization of non-reproductive sexual behaviors to a model that reflects sexual well-being and pathologizes the absence or limitation of consent in sexual relations.<ref name=":ICD1">{{Cite journal|last1=Krueger|first1=Richard B.|last2=Reed|first2=Geoffrey M.|last3=First|first3=Michael B.|last4=Marais|first4=Adele|last5=Kismodi|first5=Eszter|last6=Briken|first6=Peer|date=2017|title=Proposals for Paraphilic Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11)|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=46|issue=5|pages=1529–1545|doi=10.1007/s10508-017-0944-2|issn=0004-0002|pmc=5487931|pmid=28210933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giami|first=Alain|date=2 May 2015|title=Between DSM and ICD: Paraphilias and the Transformation of Sexual Norms|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=44|issue=5|pages=1127–1138|doi=10.1007/s10508-015-0549-6|pmid=25933671|s2cid=21614140|issn=0004-0002}}</ref>