Editing Arabs (section)

=== Renaissance ===
{{main|Islamic Golden Age|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Arab Renaissance}}
{{Further|List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|Arab Agricultural Revolution}}
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| footer            = From top to bottom and left to right: [[al-Zahrawi]], [[Ibn al-Nafis]], [[Averroes]], [[Ibn al-Haytham]], [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], [[al-Kindi]]
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The Golden Age of Arab Civilization known as the "''[[Islamic Golden Age]]''", traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name="Saliba">{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|date=1994|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=0814780237|pages=245, 250, 256–257|author-link=George Saliba}}</ref><ref name="King">{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=David A.|year=1983|title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks|journal=Isis|volume=74|issue=4|pages=531–55|doi=10.1086/353360|s2cid=144315162}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-Decline">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century|encyclopedia=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity: Historical and Contemporary Contexts, Kuala Lumpur, 1–5 August 1994|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC)|url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html|last=Hassan|first=Ahmad Y|date=1996|editor=Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas|pages=351–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=JdC90uc8PfQC|page=9 }}|title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics|date=2011|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1136959608|page=9|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> During this time, [[List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars|Arab scholars]] made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. These advancements had a profound impact on European scholars during the [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Libraries {{!}} The University of Iowa|url=https://www.lib.uiowa.edu/|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The Arabs shared its knowledge and ideas with [[Europe]], including translations of Arabic texts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Al-Tamimi|first=Aymenn Jawad|date=13 May 2022|title=A 13th-Century Text Teaches Us About Arabs and Europeans|url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/a-13th-century-text-teaches-us-about-arabs-and-europeans/|access-date=26 March 2023|website=New Lines Magazine}}</ref> These translations had a significant impact on [[culture of Europe]], leading to the transformation of many philosophical disciplines in the [[Medieval Latin|medieval Latin world]]. Additionally, the Arabs made original innovations in various fields, including the arts, [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agriculture]], [[alchemy]], [[music]], and [[pottery]], and [[List of Arabic star names|traditional star names]] such as [[Aldebaran]], scientific terms like ''[[wikt:alchemy|alchemy]]'' (whence also ''[[wikt:chemistry|chemistry]]''), ''[[wikt:algebra|algebra]]'', ''[[wikt:algorithm|algorithm]]'', etc. and names of commodities such as ''[[wikt:sugar|sugar]]'', ''[[wikt:camphor|camphor]]'', ''[[wikt:cotton|cotton]]'', ''[[wikt:coffee|coffee]]'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biology – The Arab world and the European Middle Ages|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/biology/The-Arab-world-and-the-European-Middle-Ages|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wenner|first=Manfred W.|date=August 1980|title=The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/arabmuslim-presence-in-medieval-central-europe/DC701B38E873F9B25B995114D47C3711|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027136|issn=1471-6380|s2cid=162537404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Arab influence in medieval Europe|date=1996|publisher=Ithaca Press|isbn=086372213X|editor1=Dionisius A. Agius|edition=1st pbk|location=Reading, UK|oclc=38255663|editor2=Richard Hitchcock}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Samer M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794925469|title=Arabic literary salons in the Islamic Middle Ages : poetry, public performance, and the presentation of the past|date=2010|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|isbn=978-0268074654|location=Notre Dame|oclc=794925469}}</ref>

From the medieval scholars of the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]], who had focused on studying [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Arabic]] works of natural sciences, philosophy, and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts. Arab logician, most notably [[Averroes]], had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Levant]]. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] and [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]], which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. From the 11th to the 13th century, many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from [[Classical Arabic]] to [[Medieval Latin]] were established in Iberia, most notably the [[Toledo School of Translators]]. This work of translation from Arab culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Marvin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKGgoNo4un0C&pg=PA261|title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Comprehensive Edition|last2=Jacob|first2=Margaret|last3=Jacob|first3=James|last4=Chase|first4=Myrna|last5=Laue|first5=Theodore Von|date=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0547147017}}</ref>

During the [[Timurid Renaissance]] spanning the late 14th, the 15th, and the early 16th centuries, there was a significant exchange of ideas, art, and knowledge between different cultures and civilizations. Arab scholars, artists, and intellectuals played a role in this cultural exchange, contributing to the overall intellectual atmosphere of the time. They participated in various fields, including literature, art, science, and philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web|first=R|last=Carney|date=6 June 2021|title=Timurid Architecture and the Timurid Renaissance|url=https://architectureofcities.com/timurid-architecture|access-date=29 May 2023|website=Architecture of Cities}}</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Arab Renaissance]] was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged. The term "Nahda" means "awakening" or "renaissance" in Arabic, and refers to a period of renewed interest in Arabic language, literature, and culture.<ref name="Sheehi2004">[[Stephen Sheehi]], [[Foundations of Modern Arab Identity]]. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004 [http://florida.theorangegrove.org/og/file/079a66de-df27-a87d-4946-095679fb5de4/1/Sheehi,9781616101343.pdf]</ref><ref>Adnan A. Musallam, [http://admusallam.bethlehem.edu/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of The Ottoman Era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151528/http://admusallam.bethlehem.edu/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm|date=19 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Pacini1998">{{cite book|last=Pacini|first=Andrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ|title=Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0198293880|pages=38, 55|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101859/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=10 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>