Editing Anatolia (section)

===Modern times===
{{further|History of Turkey}}
[[File:The Historical Atlas, 1911 – Distribution of Races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.jpg|thumb|Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06]]
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the [[Russian Empire]] in the [[Caucasus]], many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly [[Circassians]], [[Tatars]], [[Azeris]], [[Lezgian people|Lezgis]], [[Chechens]] and several [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the [[Balkan]] regions and then fragmented during the [[Balkan Wars]], much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims ([[Bosniaks]], [[Albanians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Pomaks|Muslim Bulgarians]] and [[Greek Muslims]] such as the [[Vallahades]] from [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]]), were resettled in various parts of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.
[[File:St. Polycarp Kilisesi (2).jpg|left|thumb|181x181px|St. Polycarp Church, in modern-day [[İzmir|Izmir]].]]
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Greeks from Anatolia, [[Constantinople]] and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent [[Kingdom of Greece]], and also towards the [[United States]], the southern part of the [[Russian Empire]], Latin America, and the rest of Europe.
[[File:Ankara and mosque wza.jpg|thumb|Mosque in [[Ankara]]]]
Following the Russo-Persian [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] (1828) and the incorporation of Eastern Armenia into the Russian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) toward the Russian Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces.<ref name="Swietochowski Borderland">{{cite book |last=Swietochowski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Swietochowski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ&q=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game:+travelogues+and+orientalism |title=Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-231-07068-3 |pages=69, 133}}</ref>

Anatolia remained [[multi-ethnic]] until the early 20th century (see the [[rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]). During World War I, the [[Armenian genocide]], the [[Greek genocide]] (especially in [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]]), and the [[Assyrian genocide]] almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Greeks|Greek]], and [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions. Following the [[Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922]], most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]]. Of the remainder, most have left Turkey since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/07/the-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey#selection-1030.0-1030.1 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=archive.is |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230907151019/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/07/the-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey#selection-1030.0-1030.1 |archive-date=2023-09-07}}</ref> According to Morris and Ze'evi, 4 million Christians were ethnically cleansed from Asia minor by the Turks from 1894 to 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=Benny+Morris+the+thirty+year+genocide |title=The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 |last2=Ze'evi |first2=Dror |date=2019-04-24 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91645-6 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>