Editing Amsterdam (section)

===Diversity and immigration===

In the 16th and 17th centuries, non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly Protestant [[Huguenot]]s and [[Flemish people|Flemings]], [[Sephardic Jews]], and [[Westphalia]]ns. Huguenots came after the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] in 1685, while the Flemish Protestants came during the [[Eighty Years' War]] against Catholic Spain. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons; their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Before the Second World War, 10% of the city population was [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Jewish]]. Just twenty percent of them survived [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Netherlands |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-netherlands |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions and cultures after the Second World War. With 180 different nationalities,<ref>[http://www.ois.amsterdam.nl/nieuwsarchief/2014/amsterdam-groeit-door Onderzoek, Informatie en Statistiek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522051945/http://www.ois.amsterdam.nl/nieuwsarchief/2014/amsterdam-groeit-door|date=22 May 2016}}, Gemeente Amsterdam</ref> Amsterdam is home to one of the widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world.<ref>Quest, issue of March 2009</ref> The proportion of the population of immigrant origin in the city proper is about 50%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam in cijfers 2010 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/7003/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318161044/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/7003/ |archive-date=18 March 2012 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=Os.amsterdam.nl}}</ref> and 88% of the population are Dutch citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2014 |title=Inwoneraantal Amsterdam blijft groeien – Gemeente Amsterdam |url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/organisatie-diensten/dbi/nieuws/2010/juni/inwoneraantal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141125150238/http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/organisatie-diensten/dbi/nieuws/2010/juni/inwoneraantal/ |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>

The first mass immigration in the 20th century was by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s [[Foreign worker|guest workers]] from Turkey, Morocco, Italy, and Spain immigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area. Other immigrants, including refugees [[Right of asylum|asylum seekers]] and [[Illegal immigration|undocumented immigrants]], came from Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like [[Almere]] and [[Purmerend]], prompted by the third [[Land-use planning]] bill of the Dutch Government. This bill promoted suburbanization and arranged for new developments in so-called "groeikernen", literally ''cores of growth''. Young professionals and artists moved into neighborhoods [[De Pijp]] and the [[Jordaan]] abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the [[Public housing|social housing]] projects in Amsterdam-West and the Bijlmer. 

In 2006, people of non-Western origin made up approximately one-fifth of the population of Amsterdam, and more than 30% of the city's children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background | date=August 2006 |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2006/2006-1995-wm.htm?RefererType=Favorite |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref><ref name="OS 4351">{{Cite web |title=Bevolking naar herkomstgroepering, 1&nbsp;January 2001–2006 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807180418/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek (Research and Statistics Service) |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2004 |title=Most foreign babies born in big cities |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2004/2004-1443-wm.htm |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref> A slight majority of the residents of Amsterdam have at least one parent who was born outside the country. However, a much larger majority has at least one parent who was born inside the country (intercultural marriages are common in the city). Only a third of inhabitants under 15 are ''[[Indigenous peoples|autochthons]] (''person with two parents of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] origin).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terpstra |first=Jendra |date=28 March 2017 |title=Wit is de 'nieuwe minderheid' in grote steden |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/wit-is-de-nieuwe-minderheid-in-grote-steden~ae48e435/ |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Trouw.nl |language=nl}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=People with two Dutch parents becoming a minority in Amsterdam; study |url=https://nltimes.nl/2023/07/30/people-two-dutch-parents-becoming-minority-amsterdam-study |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240908034819/https://nltimes.nl/2023/07/30/people-two-dutch-parents-becoming-minority-amsterdam-study#selection-1039.13-1039.21 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=NL Times}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[Indigenous peoples|autochthons]]'' were a minority in 40% of Amsterdam's neighborhoods.<ref name=":10" /> Segregation along ethnic lines is visible, with people of non-Western origin, considered a separate group by [[Statistics Netherlands]], concentrating in specific neighborhoods especially in [[Amsterdam Nieuw-West|Nieuw-West]], [[Zeeburg]], [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] and in certain areas of [[Amsterdam-Noord]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Statistics on a map |newspaper=NRC |date=14 February 2012 |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/02/14/statistiek-saai-cbs-cijfers-komen-tot-leven-op-een-kaart/ |language=nl |last1=Poort |first1=Arlen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Neighborhood |url=http://www.cbsinuwbuurt.nl/#pageLocation=index |language=nl}}</ref>

In 2000, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (8%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |title=Religie Amsterdam |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004546/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bureau of Onderzoek en Statistiek: 'Geloven in Amsterdam' |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In 2015, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (7.1%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Bevolking naar meest voorkomende migratieachtergrond (meer dan 1.300 personen per groep), 1 januari 2016-2024 |url=https://onderzoek.amsterdam.nl/dataset/stand-van-de-bevolking-amsterdam |website=Gemeente Amsterdam - Onderzoek en Statistiek - StatLine (CBS)}}</ref> Amsterdam has been one of the municipalities in the Netherlands that provided immigrants with extensive and free [[Dutch language|Dutch-language]] courses, which have benefited many immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch for foreigners |url=http://intt.uva.nl/dutch-for-foreigners/dutch-for-foreigners.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143501/http://intt.uva.nl/dutch-for-foreigners/dutch-for-foreigners.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=INTT |publisher=University of Amsterdam}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right left;font-size: 80%;"
! colspan="15" |Origin<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37713/table |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/85458NED/table?ts=1739733575323 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Background group
! colspan="2" |1996
! colspan="2" |2000
! colspan="2" |2005
! colspan="2" |2010
! colspan="2" |2015
! colspan="2" |2020
! colspan="2" |2024
|-
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dutch natives
!419,863
!58.5%
!406,727
!55.6%
!384,155
!51.7%
!384,480
!50%
!402,105
!48.9%
!387,775
!44.43%
!375,842
!40.4%
|-
!Western [[migration background]]
!94,955
!13.2%
!97 232
!13.3%
!104,452
!14.1%
!114,730
!14.9%
!134,524
!16.4%
!170 164
!19.5%
!–
!–
|-
|''{{flag|Germany}}''
|18 475
|
|17 451
|
|17 070
|
|17 099
|
|17 688
|
|19 374
|
|21,179
|
|-
|''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''
|7 817
|
|7 927
|
|9 315
|
|9 841
|
|11 463
|
|15 338
|
|17,028
|
|-
|''{{flag|United States}}''
|4 015
|
|4 785
|
|5 891
|
|6 540
|
|7 872
|
|11 582
|
|14,696
|
|-
|''{{flag|Italy}}''
|3 509
|
|3 689
|
|4 148
|
|4 972
|
|7 062
|
|11 462
|
|14,427
|
|-
|''{{flag|France}}''
|3 038
|
|3 456
|
|4 058
|
|4 945
|
|6 379
|
|9 316
|
|11,972
|
|-
!Non-Western [[migration background]]
!203,301
!28.3%
!227 329
!31.1%
!254,176
!34.2%
!268,247
!35%
!285,123
!34.7%
!314,818
!36.07%
!–
!–
|-
|''{{flag|Morocco}}''
|47 723
|
|54 722
|
|64 385
|
|69 433
|
|74 254
|
|77,210
|8.85%
|79,157
|
|-
|''{{flag|Suriname}}''
|69 095
|
|71 218
|
|70 380
|
|68 938
|
|66 638
|
|64,218
|7.36%
|62 174
|
|-
|''{{flag|Turkey}}''
|30 864
|
|33 705
|
|37 957
|
|40 365
|
|42 375
|
|44,465
|5.09%
|46 820
|
|-
|''{{flag|Indonesia}}''
|28 489
|
|28 037
|
|26 900
|
|26 436
|
|26 091
|
|24,075
|2.76%
|23,242
|
|-
|''{{flagicon|Netherlands Antilles}} [[Netherlands Antilles|Dutch Antilles]] and [[Aruba]]''
|10 003
|
|11 122
|
|11 500
|
|11 707
|
|12 141
|
|12,174
|1.39%
|12 833
|
|-
|''{{flag|Ghana}}''
|6 859
|
|8 574
|
|10 167
|
|10 944
|
|11 884
|
|11 884
|
|13 864
|
|-
|''{{flag|Somalia}}''
|677
|
|1 179
|
|991
|
|1 071
|
|1 492
|
|1 714
|
|2 010
|
|-
|''{{flag|Iraq}}''
|1 027
|
|2 113
|
|2 536
|
|2 626
|
|2 701
|
|3 080
|
|3 352
|
|-
!Non-Dutch [[migration background]]
!298,256
!41.5%
!324,561
!44.4%
!358,628
!48.3%
!382,977
!50%
!419,647
!51.9%
!484,982
!55.6%
!555,456
!59.6%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!718,119
!100%
!731,288
!100%
!742,783
!100%
!767,457
!100%
!821,752
!100%
!872,757
!100%
!931,298
!100%
|}