Editing Amphetamine (section)

===Physical===
[[Cardiovascular]] side effects can include [[hypertension]] or [[hypotension]] from a [[vasovagal response]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]] (reduced blood flow to the hands and feet), and [[tachycardia]] (increased heart rate).<ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Westfall" /><ref name="pmid18295156">{{cite journal | author = Vitiello B | title = Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function | journal =Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America| volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 459–474 |date=April 2008 | pmid = 18295156 | pmc = 2408826 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010 }}</ref> Sexual side effects in males may include [[erectile dysfunction]], frequent erections, or [[priapism|prolonged erections]].<ref name="FDA" /> Gastrointestinal side effects may include [[abdominal pain]], [[constipation]], [[diarrhea]], and [[nausea]].<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology" /><ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Dyanavel">{{cite web |title=Dyanavel XR- amphetamine suspension, extended release |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a8a7eb93-4192-4826-bbf1-82c06634f553 |website=DailyMed |publisher= Tris Pharma, Inc. |access-date=22 December 2019 |date=6 February 2019 |quote=DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1&nbsp;... The most common (≥2% in the DYANAVEL XR group and greater than placebo) adverse reactions reported in the Phase 3 controlled study conducted in 108 patients with ADHD (aged 6 to 12 years) were: epistaxis, allergic rhinitis and upper abdominal pain.&nbsp;... <br />DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS<br />Extended-release oral suspension contains 2.5 mg amphetamine base equivalents per mL.}}</ref> Other potential physical side effects include [[Anorexia (symptom)|appetite loss]], [[blurred vision]], [[xerostomia|dry mouth]], [[bruxism|excessive grinding of the teeth]], nosebleed, profuse sweating, [[rhinitis medicamentosa]] (drug-induced nasal congestion), reduced [[seizure threshold]], [[tics]] (a type of movement disorder), and [[weight loss]].{{#tag:ref|<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology" /><ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Westfall" /><ref name="pmid18295156" /><ref name="Dyanavel" /><ref name="rhinitis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF | title = Rhinitis medicamentosa | journal =Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology| volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 148–155 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16784007 | access-date = 29 April 2015 | url = https://www.jiaci.org/issues/vol16issue03/1.pdf | quote = Table 2. Decongestants Causing Rhinitis Medicamentosa<br /> – Nasal decongestants:<br />&nbsp;– Sympathomimetic:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Amphetamine}}</ref>|group="sources"}} Dangerous physical side effects are rare at typical pharmaceutical doses.<ref name="Westfall" />

Amphetamine stimulates the [[Respiratory center|medullary respiratory centers]], producing faster and deeper breaths.<ref name="Westfall"/> In a normal person at therapeutic doses, this effect is usually not noticeable, but when respiration is already compromised, it may be evident.<ref name="Westfall" /> Amphetamine also induces [[Muscle contraction|contraction]] in the urinary [[Detrusor muscle|bladder sphincter]], the muscle which controls urination, which can result in difficulty urinating.<ref name="Westfall" /> This effect can be useful in treating [[enuresis|bed wetting]] and [[urinary incontinence|loss of bladder control]].<ref name="Westfall" /> The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable.<ref name="Westfall" /> If intestinal activity is high, amphetamine may reduce [[gastrointestinal motility]] (the rate at which content moves through the digestive system);<ref name="Westfall" /> however, amphetamine may increase motility when the [[smooth muscle tissue|smooth muscle]] of the tract is relaxed.<ref name="Westfall" /> Amphetamine also has a slight [[analgesic]] effect and can enhance the pain relieving effects of [[opioid]]s.<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology">{{cite book | vauthors=Stahl SM | title=Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology | date=March 2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | isbn=9781108228749 | pages=45–51 | edition=6th | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hssDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 | chapter=Amphetamine (D,L) | access-date=5 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Westfall" />

FDA-commissioned studies from 2011 indicate that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events ([[sudden cardiac death|sudden death]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], and [[stroke]]) and the medical use of amphetamine or other ADHD stimulants.{{#tag:ref|<ref name="FDA - cardiovascular effects in young individuals">{{cite web | title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and young adults | date=1 November 2011 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-safety-review-update-medications-used-treat-attention | website=United States Food and Drug Administration | access-date=24 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825032123/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-safety-review-update-medications-used-treat-attention | archive-date=25 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pmid22043968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooper WO, Habel LA, Sox CM, Chan KA, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, Murray KT, Quinn VP, Stein CM, Callahan ST, Fireman BH, Fish FA, Kirshner HS, O'Duffy A, Connell FA, Ray WA | title = ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults | journal =New England Journal of Medicine| volume = 365 | issue = 20 | pages = 1896–1904 |date=November 2011 | pmid = 22043968 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1110212 | pmc=4943074}}</ref><ref name="FDA - cardiovascular effects in adults">{{cite web | title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults | date=12 December 2011 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-safety-review-update-medications-used-treat-attention-0 | website=United States Food and Drug Administration | access-date=24 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114954/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-safety-review-update-medications-used-treat-attention-0 | archive-date=14 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pmid22161946">{{cite journal |vauthors=Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, Chan KA, Fireman BH, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, Quinn VP, Dublin S, Boudreau DM, Andrade SE, Pawloski PA, Raebel MA, Smith DH, Achacoso N, Uratsu C, Go AS, Sidney S, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Ray WA, Selby JV | title = ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults |date=December 2011 | journal =JAMA| volume = 306 | issue = 24 | pages = 2673–2683 | pmid = 22161946 | pmc = 3350308 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2011.1830 }}</ref>|group="sources"}} However, amphetamine pharmaceuticals are [[contraindicated]] in individuals with [[cardiovascular disease]].{{#tag:ref|<ref name="FDA" /><ref name="International">{{cite web |vauthors=Heedes G, Ailakis J | title=Amphetamine (PIM 934) | url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim934.htm | website=INCHEM | publisher=International Programme on Chemical Safety | access-date=24 June 2014 }}</ref><ref name="FDA - cardiovascular effects in young individuals" /><ref name="FDA - cardiovascular effects in adults" />|group="sources"}}