Editing Ammonoidea (section)

==Evolutionary history==
Ammonoids are widely thought to have originated from straight-shelled ([[orthocone]]) "nautiloids" belong to [[Bactritida]] during the early [[Devonian]] ([[Emsian]]), with transitional fossils showing the transition from a straight shell, to a curved (cyrtoconic) shell to a relaxed (gyroconic) spiral and finally to a tight spiral.<ref>Klug, C. and Korn, D. 2004. [https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app49/app49-235.pdf The origin of ammonoid locomotion]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 235–242</ref> The [[Kellwasser event|Kellwasser Event]] at the end of the [[Frasnian]] let to a dramatic decline in ammonoid diversity, with only a handful of lineages belong to [[Tornoceratina]] (a subgroup of [[Goniatites bohemicus|Goniatites]]) surviving, becoming ancestral to all later ammonoids. Ammonoids rediversified during the following [[Famennian]], which also saw the radical shift of the [[siphuncle]] from a lower (ventral) to upper (dorsal) position. Ammonites were nearly completely exterminated by the [[Hangenberg Event]] at the end of the Devonian, with only a handful of lineages surviving, with one of the surviving goniatite lineages becoming ancestral to all post-early Carboniferous and later ammonoids. Ammonoids again rediversified during the Early Carboniferous. During the Carboniferous ammonoids underwent alternating periods of diversification and decline, and during the late Carboniferous ammonioid diversity became concentrated in a few geographical regions.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Korn |first=Dieter |title=Taxonomic Diversity and Morphological Disparity of Paleozoic Ammonoids |date=2015 |work=Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography |volume=44 |pages=431–464 |editor-last=Klug |editor-first=Christian |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_16 |access-date=2025-01-11 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_16 |isbn=978-94-017-9632-3 |last2=Klug |first2=Christian |last3=Walton |first3=Sonny A. |editor2-last=Korn |editor2-first=Dieter |editor3-last=De Baets |editor3-first=Kenneth |editor4-last=Kruta |editor4-first=Isabelle}}</ref>

During the Permian, the [[Capitanian mass extinction event]] severely reduced the diversity of Goniatitida and [[Prolecanitida]],<ref name=":6" /> while the [[Ceratitida]], which originated during the Middle Permian, likely from the [[Daraelitidae]],<ref name=":0" /> was largely unaffected<ref name=":6" /> and radiated in the Late Permian,<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=McGowan |first1=Alistair J. |last2=Smith |first2=Andrew B. |date=May 2007 |title=Ammonoids Across the Permian/Triassic Boundary: A Cladistic Perspective |journal=Palaeontology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=573–590 |bibcode=2007Palgy..50..573M |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> becoming the dominant group of ammonoids in this period represented by two groups, the [[Araxoceratidae|araxoceratids]] and [[Xenodiscidae|xenodiscids]]. The [[end-Permian mass extinction]] again reduced ammonoids to the verge of extinction, though both main ceratitd lineages lineages survived, though the xenodiscids were more successful and ancestral to all later ammonoids.<ref name=":6" />

Ammonites were devastated by the [[Triassic–Jurassic extinction event|end-Triassic extinction]], with only a handful of genera belonging to the family [[Psiloceratidae]] of the suborder [[Phylloceratina]] surviving and becoming ancestral to all later Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonites. Ammonites explosively diversified during the Early Jurassic, with the orders Psiloceratina, Ammonitina, Lytoceratina, Haploceratina, Perisphinctina and Ancyloceratina all appearing during the Jurassic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Kevin N. |title=The evolution and geography of Jurassic ammonoids |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |date=January 2008 |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80257-X |bibcode=2008PrGA..119...35P }}</ref> Heteromorph ammonites (ammonites with open or non-spiral coiling) of the order [[Ancyloceratina]] became common during the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=René |last2=Slattery |first2=Joshua S. |last3=Kruta |first3=Isabelle |last4=Linzmeier |first4=Benjamin J. |last5=Lemanis |first5=Robert E. |last6=Mironenko |first6=Aleksandr |last7=Goolaerts |first7=Stijn |last8=De Baets |first8=Kenneth |last9=Peterman |first9=David J. |last10=Klug |first10=Christian |title=Recent advances in heteromorph ammonoid palaeobiology |journal=Biological Reviews |date=April 2021 |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=576–610 |doi=10.1111/brv.12669 |pmid=33438316 |s2cid=231593832 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

At least 57 species of ammonites, which were widespread and belonged to six superfamilies, were extant during the last 500,000 years of the Cretaceous, indicating that ammonites remained highly diverse until the very end of their existence.<ref name="Ending diversity">{{Citation|last1=Landman|first1=Neil H.|title=Ammonites on the Brink of Extinction: Diversity, Abundance, and Ecology of the Order Ammonoidea at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) Boundary|date=2015|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19|work=Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography|volume=44|pages=497–553|editor-last=Klug|editor-first=Christian|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19|isbn=978-94-017-9632-3|access-date=2021-10-26|last2=Goolaerts|first2=Stijn|last3=Jagt|first3=John W.M.|last4=Jagt-Yazykova|first4=Elena A.|last5=Machalski|first5=Marcin|series=Topics in Geobiology |editor2-last=Korn|editor2-first=Dieter|editor3-last=De Baets|editor3-first=Kenneth|editor4-last=Kruta|editor4-first=Isabelle|archive-date=2023-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316184812/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19|url-status=live}}</ref> All ammonites were wiped out during or shortly after the [[K-Pg extinction event]], caused by the [[Chicxulub impact]]. It has been suggested that [[ocean acidification]] generated by the impact played a key role in their extinction, as the larvae of ammonites were likely small and [[plankton]]ic, and would have been heavily affected.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Landman |first1=Neil H. |title=Ammonites on the Brink of Extinction: Diversity, Abundance, and Ecology of the Order Ammonoidea at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) Boundary |date=2015 |work=Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography |volume=44 |pages=497–553 |editor-last=Klug |editor-first=Christian |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19 |access-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316184812/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |url-status=live |series=Topics in Geobiology |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19 |isbn=978-94-017-9632-3 |last2=Goolaerts |first2=Stijn |last3=Jagt |first3=John W.M. |last4=Jagt-Yazykova |first4=Elena A. |last5=Machalski |first5=Marcin |editor2-last=Korn |editor2-first=Dieter |editor3-last=De Baets |editor3-first=Kenneth |editor4-last=Kruta |editor4-first=Isabelle}}</ref> [[Nautiloid]]s, exemplified by modern [[nautilus]]es, are conversely thought to have had a reproductive strategy in which eggs were laid in smaller batches many times during the lifespan, and on the sea floor well away from any direct effects of such a [[bolide]] strike, and thus survived.<ref>{{cite book | last=Ward | first=Peter | chapter=Ammonoid Extinction | title=Ammonoid Paleobiology | publisher=Springer | series=Topics in Geobiology | volume=13 | year=1996 | pages=815–823 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-9153-2_20 | isbn=978-1-4757-9155-6}}</ref> Many ammonite species were filter feeders, so they might have been particularly susceptible to marine faunal turnovers and climatic change.<ref name="Kruta2011" /> Some reports suggest that a few ammonite species may have [[Paleocene ammonites|persisted]] into the very early Danian stage of the [[Paleocene]], before going extinct.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Machalski |first1=Marcin |last2=Heinberg |first2=Claus |date=2005-12-31 |title=Evidence for ammonite survival into the Danian (Paleogene) from the Cerithium Limestone at Stevns Klint, Denmark |url=https://2dgf.dk/publikationer/bulletin/bulletin-volume-52-2005/#13 |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark |language=en |volume=52 |pages=97–111 |doi=10.37570/bgsd-2005-52-08 |issn=2245-7070 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-01-08 |archive-date=2021-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127052236/https://2dgf.dk/publikationer/bulletin/bulletin-volume-52-2005/#13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Landman |first1=Neil H. |last2=Garb |first2=Matthew P. |last3=Rovelli |first3=Remy |last4=Ebel |first4=Denton S. |last5=Edwards |first5=Lucy E. |date=2012 |title=Short-Term Survival of Ammonites in New Jersey After the End-Cretaceous Bolide Impact |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110068.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=703–715 |doi=10.4202/app.2011.0068 |issn=0567-7920 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-01-08 |archive-date=2023-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107161245/https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110068.html |url-status=live }}</ref>