Editing Aluminium (section)

=== Spelling ===
In 1812, British scientist [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/15.html#contents|title=Quarterly Review Archive|last1=Cutmore|first1=Jonathan|website=Romantic Circles|publisher=University of Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301094017/http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/15.html|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=live|date=February 2005|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book, in which he proposed the name ''aluminium'' instead of ''aluminum'', which he thought had a "less classical sound".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Thomas|date=1812|title=Elements of Chemical Philosophy By Sir Humphry Davy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGykjvn032IC&pg=PA72|journal=[[Quarterly Review]]|volume=VIII|issue=15|page=72|isbn=978-0-217-88947-6|id=210|access-date=10 December 2009|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725043632/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGykjvn032IC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref> This name persisted: although the ''{{nowrap|-um}}'' spelling was occasionally used in Britain, the American scientific language used ''{{nowrap|-ium}}'' from the start.<ref name="Quinion2005" />

[[Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert]] had proposed ''Thonerde-metall'', after the German "Thonerde"{{efn|a historic spelling, nowadays spelled "[[wikt:Tonerde#German|Tonerde]]"}} for alumina, in his ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' but that name never caught on at all even in Germany.<ref name=Richards1891/>  [[Joseph W. Richards]]{{efn|founder and later president of the Electrochemical Society}} in 1891 found just one occurrence of ''argillium'' in Swedish, from the French "argille"{{efn|nowadays spelled "[[wikt:argile#French|argile]]"}} for clay.<ref name=Richards1891/>  The French themselves had used ''aluminium'' from the start.<ref name=Richards1891/> However, in England and Germany Davy's spelling ''aluminum'' was initially used; until German chemist [[Friedrich Wöhler]] published his account of the [[Wöhler process]] in 1827 in which he used the spelling ''aluminium''{{efn|Wöhler had previously used ''aluminium'' in 1824, when translating a paper by [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] from Swedish.<ref name=Richards1891/>}}, which caused that spelling's largely wholesale adoption in England and Germany, with the exception of a small number of what Richards characterized as "patriotic" English chemists that were "averse to foreign innovations" who occasionally still used ''aluminum''.<ref name=Richards1891>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Franklin Institute|volume=131|issue=3|series=American periodical series, 1800&ndash;1850|publisher=Pergamon Press|date=March 1891|author1-first=Joseph W.|author1-last=Richards|title=The Aluminium Problem|pages=190&ndash;191|doi=10.1016/0016-0032(91)90249-3}}</ref>

Most scientists throughout the world used ''{{nowrap|-ium}}'' in the 19th century;<ref name="OEDaluminium-usage" /> and it was entrenched in several other European languages, such as [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Dutch language|Dutch]].{{Efn|Some European languages, like [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or [[Italian language|Italian]], use a different suffix from the Latin ''-um''/''-ium'' to form a name of a metal, some, like [[Polish language|Polish]] or [[Czech language|Czech]], have a different base for the name of the element, and some, like [[Russian language|Russian]] or [[Greek language|Greek]], do not use the [[Latin script]] altogether.|name=|group=}}

In 1828, an American lexicographer, [[Noah Webster]], entered only the ''aluminum'' spelling in his ''[[Webster's Dictionary#First edition 1828|American Dictionary of the English Language]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/aluminum|title=American Dictionary of the English Language|last=Webster|first=Noah|year=1828|entry=aluminum|author-link=Noah Webster|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222259/http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/aluminum|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1830s, the ''{{nowrap|-um}}'' spelling gained usage in the United States; by the 1860s, it had become the more common spelling there outside science.<ref name="Quinion2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js-PbsEjKSQC&pg=PT23|title=Port Out, Starboard Home: The Fascinating Stories We Tell About the words We Use|last=Quinion|first=Michael|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2005|isbn=978-0-14-190904-2|pages=23–24}}</ref> In 1892, Hall used the ''{{nowrap|-um}}'' spelling in his advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the ''{{nowrap|-ium}}'' spelling in all the patents he filed between 1886 and 1903. It is unknown whether this spelling was introduced by mistake or intentionally, but Hall preferred ''aluminum'' since its introduction because it resembled ''[[platinum]]'', the name of a prestigious metal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kean|first=S.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qy40DwAAQBAJ&q=aluminium+aluminum+hall+typo+spelling&pg=PT120|title=The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Rivalry, Adventure, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements|date=2018|publisher=Little, Brown Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-316-38825-2|pages=<!--the book does not use page numbers-->|language=en|chapter=Elements as money|edition=Young Readers|access-date=14 January 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111942/https://books.google.com/books?id=qy40DwAAQBAJ&q=aluminium+aluminum+hall+typo+spelling&pg=PT120|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1890, both spellings had been common in the United States, the ''{{nowrap|-ium}}'' spelling being slightly more common; by 1895, the situation had reversed; by 1900, ''aluminum'' had become twice as common as ''aluminium''; in the next decade, the ''{{nowrap|-um}}'' spelling dominated American usage. In 1925, the [[American Chemical Society]] adopted this spelling.<ref name="OEDaluminium-usage" />

The [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) adopted ''aluminium'' as the standard international name for the element in 1990.<ref name="Emsley2011" /> In 1993, they recognized ''aluminum'' as an acceptable variant;<ref name="Emsley2011">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|author-link=John Emsley|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA24|year=2011|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|pages=24–30|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222070959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA24|url-status=live}}</ref> the most recent [[IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005|2005 edition of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry]] also acknowledges this spelling.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/databases/Red_Book_2005.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222172055/http://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/databases/Red_Book_2005.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2014|editor1-first=Neil G.|editor1-last=Connelly|editor2-first=Ture|editor2-last=Damhus|title=Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005|publisher=[[RSC Publishing]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-85404-438-2|page=249}}</ref> IUPAC official publications use the ''{{nowrap|-ium}}'' spelling as primary, and they list both where it is appropriate.{{efn|For instance, see the November–December 2013 issue of ''Chemistry International'': in a table of (some) elements, the element is listed as "aluminium (aluminum)".<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Standard Atomic Weights Revised|author=<!--none listed-->|pages=17–18
|url=https://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2013/3506/nov13.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211093133/http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2013/3506/nov13.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2014
|journal=Chemistry International|volume=35|issue=6|issn=0193-6484}}</ref>}}