Editing Alabama (section)

=== Race and ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Racial and ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|63.1|%|2||background:gray}}
|align=right| {{bartable|66.5|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|25.6|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|26.9|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}
|align=right| {{bartable}}
|align=right| {{bartable|5.3|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|1.5|%|2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable|2.0|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| Native American
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5|%|2||background:gold}}
|align=right| {{bartable|2.2|%|2||background:gold}}
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}}
|-
| Other
|align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:brown}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.8|%|2||background:brown}}
|}

Many American Indian tribes such as the [[Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], and [[Coushatta]] inhabited present-day Alabama before European colonization.<ref name=":4" /> With Spanish, French, and British colonization of Alabama, [[White Americans|white]] and [[black Americans]] migrated to the area. From European colonization to U.S. statehood, Alabama's population grew to become increasingly [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]] and African American. By the 2020 census, Alabama's total racial and ethnic population was 66.5% non-Hispanic white and 26.9% African American, with a growing [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latino]] population of 5.3%.<ref name=":5" />

Alabamans citing "American" ancestry are of overwhelmingly English extraction. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly [[English Americans|English]] ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher. In the 1980 census, 1,139,976 people in Alabama cited that they were of English ancestry out of a total state population of 2,824,719 making them 41% of the state at the time and the largest ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=February 18, 2018 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224233043/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–46.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref>

Alabama has the 5th-highest black and African American population among U.S. states at 25.8% alone as of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |access-date=September 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age{{spaces}}1 were minorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |last=Exner |first=Rich |work=The Plain Dealer |date=June 3, 2012 |access-date=August 5, 2012 |archive-date=July 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama were American (13.4%), [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (10.5%), English (10.2%), [[German Americans|German]] (7.9%), and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]] (2.5%) based on 2006–2008 U.S. census data.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{cite web |publisher= Factfinder.census.gov |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US01&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |title= Alabama—Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008 |access-date= October 24, 2010 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200211182250/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US01&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |archive-date= February 11, 2020 |url-status= dead}}</ref> The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.<ref>David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.361–368</ref>

In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, the state legislature established the [[Alabama Indian Affairs Commission]].<ref name="aiac">[http://www.aiac.state.al.us/tribes.aspx "Alabama Indian Affairs Commission"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045646/http://www.aiac.state.al.us/tribes.aspx |date=October 3, 2013}}, State of Alabama, accessed September 28, 2013</ref> Indigenous groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American or American Indian peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on having their cultural identification respected. In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. The state has [[State-recognized tribes in the United States|officially recognized]] nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] of the American Southeast. These are the following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aiac.alabama.gov/ByLaws.aspx |title=AIAC Bylaws |website=Alabama Indian Affairs Commission |publisher=State of Alabama |access-date=September 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918101025/http://aiac.alabama.gov/ByLaws.aspx |archive-date=September 18, 2012 |df= mdy}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Poarch Band of Creek Indians]] (who also have federal recognition)
* [[MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians]]
* Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks
* [[Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama]]
* [[Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama]]
* Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians
* ''Ma-Chis'' Lower Creek Indian Tribe
* ''Piqua'' [[Shawnee]] Tribe
* ''Ani-Yun-Wiya'' Nation
{{div col end}}

The state government has promoted recognition of American Indian contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aiac.state.al.us/ProcIndianHeritageDay.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045701/http://www.aiac.state.al.us/ProcIndianHeritageDay.aspx|url-status= dead|title=Proclamation|archive-date=October 3, 2013|website=www.aiac.state.al.us}}</ref> In 2020, 33,625 identified as being Native American alone, and 97,405 did in combination with one or more other races.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |access-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref>