Editing African trypanosomiasis (section)

=== Effect of Inflammation on Circadian Rhythm Regulation === 
Inflammation modifies circadian physiology through altered homeostatic regulation. This is promoted by the response of the SCN to [[Inflammatory cytokine|proinflammatory cytokines]] that most notably causes phase shifts in locomotor rhythms, seen in mice. 
<ref name="Leone">{{Cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=M. Juliana |last2=Marpegan |first2=Luciano |last3=Duhart |first3=José M. |last4=Golombek |first4=Diego A. |date=July 2012 |title=Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Phase Shifts in Locomotor Activity Circadian Rhythm |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/07420528.2012.682681 |journal=Chronobiology International |language=en |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=715–723 |doi=10.3109/07420528.2012.682681 |pmid=22734572 |issn=0742-0528}}</ref><ref name="two clocks" />

In a studied mouse model, the response to a ''T. brucei'' infection was analyzed where inflammatory molecules such as the proinflammatory cytokine interferon, [[Interferon gamma|IFN-γ]],  was released in positive correlation with a greater severity of sleeping sickness. The influence of IFN-γ on the circadian-timing system and the altered SCN function was observed.<ref name = pmid15304634/>

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are enacted during an inflammatory response, generating reactions that alter a circadian clock. Cytokines such as [[Tumor necrosis factor|TNF-alpha]] and [[Interleukin-1 family|IL-1]] are associated with sleep sickness related symptoms such as fever, fatigue and sleep disturbances. The role of these cytokines is currently being explored, however, the sites of ''T. brucei'' infection generally involve an influx of inflammatory cells which introduce its potential role in the disruption of sleeping rhythms.<ref name = "pmid15304634"/><ref name = ":0222"/><ref name="two clocks">{{Cite journal |last1=Rijo-Ferreira |first1=Filipa |last2=Takahashi |first2=Joseph S. |date=2020-10-02 |title=Sleeping Sickness: A Tale of Two Clocks |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.525097 |doi-access=free |issn=2235-2988 |pmc=7562814 |pmid=33134186}}</ref>