Editing 5th millennium BC (section)

===South America===
*Significant occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by [[Tairona|polities]] encompassing sedentary populations has been documented to have occurred by c. 4000 BC.
*The advanced Mexican agriculturalist culture and polities expanded and developed their agricultural practices for millennia now, alongside their [[Maize|Southern intensive trading networks]] and preistlt rites of fertility brought [[maize]], an ingredient vital for urban civilization was brought to South America. [[Muisca]] origins circa 5000 BC in [[Soacha]] [[Tequendama Falls]], and through their interrelated expansion Northwards, intensive maize production and permanent settlements are formed distinguishing them from tribes and other polities. Potentially they carried with them major constituent groups of the proto-[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan language]]. This is where legendary hero [[Bochica]] is said to have once lived.
*Alongside the [[Muisca]], the Tairona, located in present-day Colombia also began to shift towards long term permanent settlements with agriculture. This shift for these two groups, gives them population advantages over other groups.
*The Amazon rainforest with earlier sourced agricultural polities, experiences migrations and colonisation of these now more advanced agriculturalist chiefdoms with their permanent settlements. Conflicts with native tribes in more remote regions would have arose. Rather than being a pristine [[wilderness]], has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as [[forest gardening]], development of terra mulata soils for fertility, construction of highways, trade routes and large complex chiefdoms.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0122njp|title=Unnatural Histories – Amazon|publisher=BBC Four}}</ref>
*[[Huaca Prieta|ancient sites]] was a major trading hub in Peru (Paredones and Huaca Prieta) In connection to the trading networks to Mexico, [[maize]] was farmed here, as early as 4700 BCE, representing networks of trade and agricultural selective breeding, spanning over millennia. Peoples living in complex sedentary structures, along the coast of northern Peru were already eating corn by that time.
*Peruvian advances this side of the world, in domestication of [[llamas]] and [[alpacas]] since at least 6000 BC. For the transportation of goods and dung for [[fertiliser]], increases economic growth and agricultural yield when undertaken, thus making this process vital for civilization. This is representative of economic specialisation. Settlements grow all over Peru, significant technological advancements are achieved. Evidence of architectural classes, labour force and [[social stratification]] again is noticeable in the [[Zaña Valley (archaeology)|Zaña Valley]] where from 4700 BC these canals drew and transported water from springs in the Andes mountains region for immense agriculture. Use of the canals ended circa 4500 BC, representing periodic social declines and conflict between polities.
*Clothing alongside social stratification is demonstrable in Peru. 6000-year-old dyed cotton fabric was discovered at the Preceramic site of [[Huaca Prieta]]. This marks the earliest recorded use of cotton worldwide. Gossypium barbadense and was domesticated by the cultures in the region. [[Indigo dye]] was used for selective clothes, representative of higher classes and economic specialisation. Priest-like roles dedicated to astronomical study and observational seasonal change in relation to Peruvian society's reliance on agriculture were present.
*[[Las Vegas culture (archaeology)|Las Vegas culture]] holds large scale sedentary structures and coastal adaptation with inheritance of agricultural practices from millennia before alongside newly maize production. Experiences a sudden collapse (circa 4600 BC) resulting in a 1000-year gap within the local archaeological record. [[Las Vegas culture (archaeology)|Maize production originates from Mexico]], but within this millennium continues to rapidly spread all over South America further South, reflecting strong trade routes, diffusions of ideas and culture and social networks.
*Lauricocha II: 6000 – 4200 BC (Andean preceramic IV) ends. 
Lauricocha III: 4200 – 2500 BC (Andean preceramic V) begins. Chiefdoms and fish gatherer-hunter societies dominate. [[Lauricocha culture|Lauricocha]] was one of the important mountain encampments at the time.

*Neolithic period [[History of Argentina|disappears in Argentina]] circa 4000 bc due to an extensive dry period which would go on to last 2000 years. This may account for racial distinctions between [[Patagonia]] whose [[Selkʼnam people|hunter-gatherer populations]] remained in the South, and the rest of [[Argentina]].