Editing 1964 New York World's Fair (section)

== Fairground ==
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| image1 = 30 years of progress, 1934-1964 - Department of Parks - 300th anniversary of the City of New York - New York World's Fair. (1964) (16639606536).jpg
| alt1 = A black-and -white, aerial image of an urban area; visible are roads and buildings, a river, and labels saying "Shea Stadium", Van Wyck Expressway", and "Grand Central Parkway".
| caption1 = Aerial view of the northern part of the fairground during the 1964 World's Fair
| image2 = 30 years of progress, 1934-1964 - Department of Parks - 300th anniversary of the City of New York - New York World's Fair. (1964) (16458228567).jpg
| caption2 = Aerial view of the southern part of the fairground during the 1964 World's Fair
| alt2 = A black-and-white, aerial image of an urban area; visible are roads and buildings, a river, and labels saying "Island Expressway", "Meadow Lake", and "Worlds's Fair".
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The fairground was divided into five regions.<ref name="Lane 1963" /> Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated in the Federal & State Area at the center of the fairground near the Unisphere.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Samuel p. 125">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=125}}</ref> The international exhibits were concentrated in the International Area—a group of pavilions surrounding the Unisphere.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Industry pavilions were concentrated around the Industrial Area on the eastern end near the [[Van Wyck Expressway]].<ref name="Lane 1963">{{Cite news |last=Lane |first=Roger |date=December 5, 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Shaping As Top US Business Showcase |work=The Austin Statesman |page=B2 |id={{ProQuest|1522492960}}}}</ref><ref name="Robbins 2014 m690">{{cite web |last=Robbins |first=Liz |date=April 18, 2014 |title=50 Years After the New York World's Fair, Recalling a Vision of the Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/20/nyregion/worlds-fair-1964-memories.html |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024958/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/20/nyregion/worlds-fair-1964-memories.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Transportation Area was on the western side of the fairground.<ref name="Lane 1963" /> South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via one overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area<ref name="Los Angeles Times 1964" /><ref name="Lane 1963" /><ref name="Robbins 2014 m690" /> (known as the Lake Area during 1965).<ref name="Joseph 1965" /> Eight gates provided access to the fairground.<ref name="Samuel p. 38" />

The 1964 World's Fair had 139 pavilions on opening day, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225">{{Cite news |last=Doughtery |first=Philip H. |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Statistics Prove It's a Whopping Spectacle; 40 Miles of Walkways Wind Through City of Enchantment; 114 Restaurants Will Help Feed 250,000 Who Visit Daily |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/statistics-prove-its-a-whopping-spectacle-40-miles-of-walkways-wind.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515232622/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/statistics-prove-its-a-whopping-spectacle-40-miles-of-walkways-wind.html |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{efn|This is sometimes cited as more than 200 exhibits and pavilions.<ref name="Hornaday 1963a" /><ref name="Gray 1964" /><ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 43" />}} Of the pavilions and shows, either 121<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 9, 1964 |title=World's Fair Offers 121 Free Shows |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=27 |id={{proQuest|226773594}}}}</ref> or 124 were free, and the rest required an additional payment.<ref name="Alpert p. 21">{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|ps=.|page=21}}</ref> Scattered across the fairground were 5,300 trees, 3,500 benches, 1,400 telephones, and 60 mailboxes.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912">{{cite web |last=Rhoades |first=Liz |date=April 17, 2014 |title=Fifty Years Ago a Fair Opened in Queens |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/fifty-years-ago-a-fair-opened-in-queens/article_90ff09cb-2f1c-545e-bc28-091f01cc6104.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=Queens Chronicle |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531153634/https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/fifty-years-ago-a-fair-opened-in-queens/article_90ff09cb-2f1c-545e-bc28-091f01cc6104.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Travelers p. 4">{{harvnb|The Travelers Insurance Companies|1965|page=4|ps=.}}</ref> There were also bank branches, picnic areas, and restrooms.<ref name="Travelers p. 4" /> Accessible bathrooms, wheelchair rental stands, and Braille guidebooks were provided for disabled visitors.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-26">{{Cite news |date=April 26, 1964 |title=Wheel Chairs at Fair; Many Pavilions Easily Accessible To the Physically Handicapped |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/wheel-chairs-at-fair-many-pavilions-easily-accessible-to-the.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530182943/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/wheel-chairs-at-fair-many-pavilions-easily-accessible-to-the.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There were also several hotels nearby,<ref name="Ferretti 1962" /> albeit few campgrounds.<ref name="nyt-1964-03-22">{{Cite news |date=March 22, 1964 |title=Few Campsites Near World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/few-campsites-near-worlds-fair.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531193726/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/few-campsites-near-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A spokesman for the 1964 fair said the exposition was supposed to be "cultural and sophisticated",<ref name="nyt-1962-04-29">{{Cite news |last=Talese |first=Gay |date=April 29, 1962 |title=Fair Takes Shape on Office Charts; Meadow Itself Shows Only Dirt Mounds and Debris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/29/archives/fair-takes-shape-on-office-charts-meadow-itself-shows-only-dirt.html |access-date=May 25, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525024710/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/29/archives/fair-takes-shape-on-office-charts-meadow-itself-shows-only-dirt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Deegan claimed that the exposition would be the "greatest single event in history".<ref name="nyt-1962-09-13" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=John G. |date=September 13, 1962 |title=For the World's Fair, Superlatives |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325994848}}}}</ref>

=== Pavilions ===
{{Main|List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions}}
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| image1 = US NY NYC 1964-65 Worlds Fair Bell System Pavilion (processed 05-1965) 04 CE Family Coll (51904197970).jpg|
| alt1 = A flat, white, rectangular, elongated building and a tall, cylindrical column on the far shore of a small lake. 
| caption1 = The Bell System Pavilion
| image2 = Wisconsin Pavilion, Neillsville.jpg
| alt2 = A round, bandstand-like structure with a pointed golden roof and a radio antenna that bears the word "WISCONSIN" in red letters placed along its length. 
| caption2 = The [[Wisconsin Pavilion]], which has since been relocated to [[Neillsville, Wisconsin]]
}}

Each section of the fair was designed in several architectural styles,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22_Phillips">{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=McCandlish |date=April 22, 1964 |title=250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531214835/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 99">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=99}}</ref><ref name="Barry 1964">{{cite news |last=Barry |first=Edward |date=July 26, 1964 |title=The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art—That's New York's World's Fair |work=Chicago Tribune |page=N4 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179539708}}}}</ref> and many of the pavilions were designed in a [[Space Age]] style.<ref name="p426610123">{{Cite news |last=Rohan |first=Virginia |date=April 21, 2009 |title=A Fair to Remember: 45 Years Ago in Queens, We Saw the Future |work=The Record |page=F.1 |id={{ProQuest|426610123}}}}</ref> Some pavilions used experimental designs; for example, the [[Bell System]] Pavilion was supported by massive cantilevers, while the [[IBM]] Pavilion was shaped like a giant egg.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 2, 1964 |title=New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings |work=The New York Times |page=R1 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115672730}}}}</ref> Most of the structures were designed so they could easily be demolished after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.<ref name="Hornaday 1965">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=April 23, 1965 |title=What Happens When the Fair Is Over?: Demolition Set Buildings to Remain Monorail Considered Space Subsidy Sought |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=5 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510706863}}}}</ref> Any person or entity who could afford to rent the land and construct a pavilion could rent exhibition space at the fair.<ref name="Beckerman 2024 c752" /><ref name="Tirella p. 205">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=205}}</ref> Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.<ref name="Beckerman 2024 c752">{{cite web |last=Beckerman |first=Jim |date=April 9, 2024 |title=History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair Novelty Became Breakfast |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Bergen Record |archive-date=May 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527163716/https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Private companies spent a combined $300&nbsp;million on their pavilions.<ref name="Samuel p. 98">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=98}}</ref> The [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]] car manufacturers—[[Chrysler]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[General Motors]]—alone spent a combined $110&nbsp;million on attractions such as Chrysler's artificial islands, Ford's Magic Skyway, and General Motors' [[Futurama (New York World's Fair)|Futurama car ride]].<ref name=nyt-1964-04-05/>

Twenty-three state pavilions were built.<ref name="Hornaday 1963a">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=September 23, 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=9 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510487114}}}}</ref><ref name="Tirella p. 47">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=47}}</ref> The fair included exhibits from 24 U.S. states;<ref name="park">{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=April 18, 2017 |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101516/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |url-status=live }}</ref> these were [[Alaska]], [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Illinois]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wisconsin]], and the six states in [[New England]].<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]], California.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1039">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1039}}</ref> Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the Federal and State Area,<ref name="Samuel p. 128">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=128}}</ref> and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair.<ref name="Hornaday 1963a" /> None of the state governments had to pay rent for the land,<ref name="Samuel p. 128" /><ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1963">{{cite news |date=July 25, 1963 |title=20 States Balk at World's Fair |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=F8 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141780100}}}}</ref> but they had to fund the buildings. Twenty states and [[Washington, D.C.]], did not pay for exhibits at the fair.<ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1963" />

There were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured exhibits from foreign countries.<ref name="Alpert p. 22" /> Individual exhibits were presented by 66 nations,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Samuel p. 149" /> including the United States, whose pavilion was in the Federal and State Area.<ref name="Samuel p. 124">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=124}}</ref> If nations that were represented only by one city or region are included,{{Efn|For example, West Germany, which was represented by West Berlin}} the fair had attractions from 80 countries.<ref name="Alpert p. 22" /><ref name="Tirella p. 202">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=202}}</ref> Foreign nations rented land from the WFC,<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503">{{harvnb|Nicoletta|2010|ps=.|page=503}}</ref> and paid for staff lodgings, food, and other expenses.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-20">{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=April 20, 1964 |title=Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531210500/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.<ref name="nyt-1962-12-02" /><ref name="Gray 1964">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Beverly |date=January 25, 1964 |title=So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair! |work=The Globe and Mail |page=21 |id={{ProQuest|1283415626}}}}</ref><ref name="Tirella p. 202" /> Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.<ref name="Caro p. 1094" /><ref>{{cite magazine |date=February 22, 1961 |title=No Endorsement by Int'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair |magazine=Variety |page=1 |volume=221 |issue=13 |id={{ProQuest|1032412420}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=February 18, 1961 |title=3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of a lack of participation from BIE members, only six major countries—Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, and Pakistan—had official exhibits at the fair.<ref name="Caro p. 1094" /> Some BIE member countries hosted unofficial exhibits or were represented by those of private companies,<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Marguerite |date=March 3, 1961 |title=20 Nations to Have Pavilions at Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1336636161}}}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 44">{{harvnb|Newsweek|1964a|page=44|ps=.}}</ref> and several countries were represented solely by an industry exhibit.<ref name="Lane 1963" /> Other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as those for the Caribbean and Africa.<ref name="Tirella pp. 202–203">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=202–203}}</ref> Many of the international pavilions sold merchandise.<ref name="Samuel pp. 104–105">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=104–105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Pavilions to Sell Unusual Wares; Items From Many Lands Are Available for Shoppers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none |archive-date=June 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142456/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Carlton |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=A Bazaar of Bizarre Bargains |date=July 17, 1964 |publisher=Time Inc |page=18 |issn=0024-3019 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603151508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Industrial Area had 43 pavilions,<ref name="Alpert p. 22">{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|ps=.|page=22}}</ref> representing nearly 350 American companies.<ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 43">{{harvnb|Newsweek|1964a|page=43|ps=.}}</ref> Most of the companies were consolidated within four exhibit buildings, though about 36 companies had their own pavilions.<ref name="Samuel p. 94"/> Corporations rented land from the WFC, while religious organizations were not required to pay for their space.<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503" /> Large firms such as [[Bell Telephone Company]], [[DuPont]], IBM, [[Kodak]], [[RCA]], [[The Travelers Companies]], and [[US Royal Tires]] participated.<ref name="Tirella p. 47" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=May 9, 1962 |title=GM Plans Costliest Pavilion for New York World's Fair of '64–65: Company Undecided on Contents; Fair Officials Hope the Plan Will Spur Leasing of Space |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=9 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132775520}}}}</ref> The 1964 fair included only a few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Transportation companies, including the Big Three car makers,<ref name="Tirella p. 47" /><ref name="Wood pp. 10–11">{{harvnb|Wood|1964|ps=.|pages=10–11}}</ref><ref name=nyt-1964-04-05/> displayed products in the Transportation Area of the fairground.<ref name="Robbins 2014 m690" /> Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise or other sponsorships,<ref name="nyt-1964-08-16">{{Cite news |date=August 16, 1964 |title=Advertising: Making Friends at the Fair; Some Concerns Get Much Publicity at Low Cost |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192316/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 101–102">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=101–102}}</ref> which often attracted customers.<ref name="Schmedel 1964" /> Moses provided about {{Convert|7|acre}} of land for religious groups and invited every major sect of [[Christianity]] to the fair.<ref name="Samuel p. 21">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=21}}</ref> Eight religious pavilions were built,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-224">{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Religion Present Throughout Fair; 8 Pavilions Add Depth to Spirit of Carnival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215825/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> each of which was staffed by volunteers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 20, 1964 |title=Church Pavilions Use Volunteers; 250 Serving in 8 Exhibits at Fair in Leisure Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215826/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some exhibits were planned but never built, such as the Soviet and Israel pavilions, but were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.<ref name="nyt-1964-08-11">{{Cite news |date=August 11, 1964 |title=Visitors at the Fair Seek Sights Not to Be Seen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603174958/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Amusement ===
In addition to pavilions, the Lake Area included several rides and attractions during 1964.<ref name="Travelers p. 19">{{harvnb|The Travelers Insurance Companies|1965|page=19|ps=.}}</ref> [[John Ringling North]] operated a circus<ref name="nyt-1962-02-07">{{Cite news |date=February 7, 1962 |title=Continental-Style Circus Signed for '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/07/archives/continentalstyle-circus-signed-for-64-worlds-fair.html |access-date=May 26, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526005858/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/07/archives/continentalstyle-circus-signed-for-64-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="New York Amsterdam News 1962">{{Cite news |date=February 24, 1962 |title=World's Fair Will Have Circus Acts |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=15 |id={{proQuest|2293396739}}}}</ref> that performed in a 5,000-seat tent.<ref name="nyt-1962-02-07" /> Nearby was a wax museum.<ref name="Samuel p. 21" /><ref name="Kursh 1964" /> The amusement area also included a children's play area, a puppet show, a porpoise show, and other amusements.<ref name="Kursh 1964" /> A lake cruise traveled off the shore of Meadow Lake<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 1963 |title=Fair Lake Area To Have Fla., Hawaii Exhibits |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=26 |id={{proQuest|226822636}}}}</ref> and an early [[Log flume (ride)|log flume]] ride was also installed at the fair.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /><ref name="Calise 2019 c695">{{cite web | last=Calise | first=Gabrielle | title=Let's revisit Florida's bizarre lost theme parks from before the Disney era | website=Tampa Bay Times | date=March 18, 2019 | url=https://www.tampabay.com/florida/2019/03/18/lets-revisit-floridas-bizarre-lost-theme-parks-from-before-the-disney-era/ | access-date=June 16, 2024}}</ref> A replica of the ship [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] was displayed in the lake.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1054">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1054}}</ref> There was a 10,000-seat outdoor theater in the amusement area as well.<ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 44" /> Two [[Coney Island]] carousels were combined to form the [[Flushing Meadows Carousel]].<ref name="Queens Gazette w424">{{cite web |date=June 5, 2013 |title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Carousel Rides Again |url=https://www.qgazette.com/articles/flushing-meadows-corona-park-carousel-rides-again/ |access-date=May 21, 2024 |website=Queens Gazette |postscript=none |archive-date=May 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521004720/https://www.qgazette.com/articles/flushing-meadows-corona-park-carousel-rides-again/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |date=March 7, 2012 |title=You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round Like a Carousel&nbsp;... |url=http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ |access-date=April 3, 2017 |work=[[WNET]] |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073856/https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Florida pavilion took over much of the Lake Area in 1965,<ref name="Samuel pp. 67–68" /><ref name="nyt-1965-03-03">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=March 3, 1965 |title=Free Water Show Planned at Fair; Florida Will Present Skiing in Amphitheater – Moses Predicts Big Success |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/free-water-show-planned-at-fair-florida-will-present-skiing-in.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604150706/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/free-water-show-planned-at-fair-florida-will-present-skiing-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and two amusement areas called Carnival and Continental Park were added.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal 1965a" /> Outside the Lake Area were the Fiesta Playground<ref name="Kursh 1965" /> and the Sculpture Continuum Playground.<ref name="Weitekamp l955">{{cite web |last=Weitekamp |first=Rossana |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Saviors of the Chunkies |url=https://www.liherald.com/stories/saviors-of-the-chunkies,66293 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=Herald Community Newspapers |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601195400/https://www.liherald.com/stories/saviors-of-the-chunkies,66293 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{For|exhibits by transportation companies at the fair|List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions#Transportation pavilions}}[[File:US NY NYC 1964-65 Worlds Fair Monorail (processed 11-1965) 05 CE Family Coll (51915952763).jpg|thumb|Monorail at the 1964 fair |alt=A tall, white building with a curved roof serves as a monorail station. A white train leaves the station while another arrives.]]

The [[American Machine and Foundry Company]] constructed a [[suspended monorail]] with two {{Convert|4000|ft|m|-long|adj=mid}} tracks in the Lake Area.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-08">{{Cite news |date=May 8, 1963 |title=World's Fair to Get 3-Million Monorail System; Train to Run Around Lake Port Body Building to Get Restaurant and Club |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/08/archives/worlds-fair-to-get-3million-monorail-system-train-to-run-around.html |access-date=May 22, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024954/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/08/archives/worlds-fair-to-get-3million-monorail-system-train-to-run-around.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1963a">{{cite news |date=July 23, 1963 |title=AMF Plans Monorail at New York World's Fair |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A21 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141825692}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite magazine |date=July 29, 1963 |title=AMF takes flyer on monorail: The company, building its first monorail at the World's Fair, has plans for world-wide selling |magazine=Railway Age |page=68 |volume=155 |issue=5 |id={{ProQuest|882954650}}}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1965">{{cite news |date=September 6, 1965 |title=Bid to Sell World's Fair Monorail Brings Enthusiastic Response: Decision Data Help Wanted |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=D5 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142599694}}}}</ref> The line had seven 80-passenger, two-car-long trains.<ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1965" /> Another transport attraction at the fair was the [[Skyride (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Swiss Sky Ride]], a ski lift or [[Gondola lift|aerial gondola]] that was sponsored by the [[Government of Switzerland]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1043">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1043}}</ref> During the 1964 season, visitors could rent one of 147 [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] Escorters, which were driven by chauffeurs. Sixty-one Glide-a-Ride trolleys also served the fairground during both seasons.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 21, 1965 |title=3-Wheeled 'Bugs' Gone This Year: But Glide-A-Train And Bus Transport Will Be Back |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/3wheeled-bugs-gone-this-year-but-glideatrain-and-bus-transport-will.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |page=37 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|116821150}} |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604172008/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/3wheeled-bugs-gone-this-year-but-glideatrain-and-bus-transport-will.html |url-status=live |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=April 21, 1965 |title=N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=4 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510781727}}}}</ref>

The fairground was accessed via highways on [[Long Island]] that had been upgraded.<ref name="Hornaday 1963a" /><ref name="Samuel p. 13; Tirella p. 44">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=13}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=44}}</ref> An expanded [[World's Fair Marina]] provided access via [[Flushing Bay]].<ref name="Hornaday 1963a" /><ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 1961 |title=Fair to Make More Room For Boatmen: Flushing Marina Plan To Cost $4,300,000 |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327587313}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=June 12, 1961 |title=Marina for Excursion Boats and 800 Yachts Planned at World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/12/archives/marina-for-excursion-boats-and-800-yachts-planned-at-worlds-fair.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191621/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/12/archives/marina-for-excursion-boats-and-800-yachts-planned-at-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The fair was also served by a short-lived ferry service to Manhattan,<ref name="Samuel p. 41" /> as well as other ferry routes to ports in New York and New Jersey.<ref name="nyt-1964-05-03">{{Cite news |date=May 3, 1964 |title=32-M.P.H. Hydrofoils in Fleet That Shuttles to Flushing Bay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/32mph-hydrofoils-in-fleet-that-shuttles-to-flushing-bay.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601002513/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/32mph-hydrofoils-in-fleet-that-shuttles-to-flushing-bay.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A helicopter shuttle provided services to the [[MetLife Building|Pan Am Building]] and [[Downtown Manhattan Heliport|Lower Manhattan heliports]].<ref name="New Pittsburgh Courier 1964">{{Cite news |date=April 18, 1964 |title=Transportation To The 'Fair' |work=New Pittsburgh Courier |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|371626341}}}}</ref> Local buses, airport shuttle buses, the [[New York City Subway]], and the [[Long Island Rail Road]] (LIRR) also stopped near the fairground.<ref name="New Pittsburgh Courier 1964" /> The subway cars [[R33S (New York City Subway car)|R33S]] and [[R36 (New York City Subway car)|R36WF]] were constructed for the [[7 (New York City Subway service)|number seven route]] that served [[Mets–Willets Point station (IRT Flushing Line)|Willets Point station]] near the fair.<ref name="Kursh 1964">{{cite news |last=Kursh |first=Harvey |date=March 3, 1964 |title=World's Fair: Big, Big, Big!: Lots of Edification |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=16 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510513528}}}}</ref> Although [[IND World's Fair Line|a dedicated subway line]] had served the 1939 fair,<ref name="Cunningham 1993" /> no such route was built for 1964.<ref name="Cunningham 1993">{{Cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=world%27s+fair+railroad |title=A History of the New York City Subway System |last2=DeHart |first2=Leonard O. |date=1993 |publisher=J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang |pages=27, 83 |language=en |access-date=June 5, 2024 |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930164825/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=world%27s+fair+railroad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 41">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=41}}</ref> A luxury bus service carried "distinguished guests" to and from the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 30, 1961 |title=You'll Ride In High Style At World's Fair |work=The Atlanta Constitution |page=29 |id={{ProQuest|1616075167}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=June 29, 1961 |title=De Luxe Transport For Footsore Due At World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/29/archives/de-luxe-transport-for-footsore-due-at-worlds-fair.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524193125/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/29/archives/de-luxe-transport-for-footsore-due-at-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  There were 20,000 parking spaces,<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 16, 1964 |title=Wiley Outlines Traffic at Fair; Remote-Controlled Signs to Help With Parking |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/wiley-outlines-traffic-at-fair-remotecontrolled-signs-to-help-with.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182702/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/wiley-outlines-traffic-at-fair-remotecontrolled-signs-to-help-with.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and shuttle buses transported people from the parking lots to the main gate.<ref name="Alpert p. 21" />

=== Other features ===
[[File:255-CC-65-HC-223, front.jpg|thumb|Space Park, as it appeared in December 1963 before its official opening|alt=Against a twilight cityscape stand two rockets, a space capsule, a rocket engine, and a lunar lander. They are illuminated with floodlights.]]

The fairground had nine fountains and eleven reflecting pools.<ref name="Shipp 1964">{{Cite news |last=Shipp |first=Bill |date=May 10, 1964 |title=It's R-R-Really Big—N.Y. World's Fair |work=The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution |page=4F |id={{ProQuest|1636074933}}}}</ref><ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /> Seven of the fountains had custom designs, although none have survived.<ref name="CY p. 88">{{harvnb|Cotter|Young|2008|ps=.|page=88}}</ref> At the center of the fair was the [[Unisphere]], which was constructed by [[American Bridge Company]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1032}}</ref><ref name="AR 1964">{{cite magazine |last=Schmertz |first=Mildred F. |date=July 1964 |title=Architecture at the New York World's Fair |via=usmodernist.org |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215444/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |access-date=July 27, 2020 |journal=Architectural Record |page=150 |volume=136}}</ref> Weighing {{convert|700000|lb|0}},<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032" /><ref name="NYCL p. 4">{{Cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1925.pdf |title=The Unisphere |date=May 16, 1995 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |page=4 |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1995}} |access-date=June 5, 2024 |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104175718/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1925.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the globe was created to symbolize "man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe".<ref name="Stern (1995) pp. 1032–1033">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|pp=1032–1033}}</ref> The Fountain of the Planets (Pool of Industry), which is located at the far eastern end of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, could spray water up to {{convert|625|ft}} high,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Barbara |date=August 29, 2000 |title=Back-Of-The-Park Treatment For Fountain of the Planets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/nyregion/back-of-the-park-treatment-for-fountain-of-the-planets.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/nyregion/back-of-the-park-treatment-for-fountain-of-the-planets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and it hosted nightly fireworks displays and music performances.<ref name="Samuel p. 94">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=94}}</ref> The Unisphere and Fountain of the Planets are connected via the Fountain of the Fairs,<ref name="Parry 2020 p831">{{cite web |last=Parry |first=Bill |date=October 29, 2020 |title=City Completes $6.8 Million Restoration of Fountains at Flushing Meadows Corona Park – QNS |url=https://qns.com/2020/10/city-completes-6-8-million-restoration-of-fountains-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=QNS |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625113928/https://qns.com/2020/10/city-completes-6-8-million-restoration-of-fountains-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which included a five-section reflecting pool and two rectangular pools.<ref name="ASCE l774">{{cite web | title=Then and Now: NYC rebuilds iconic Fountain of the Fairs as a fog garden |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |date=June 11, 2024 |url=https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/civil-engineering-magazine/article/2021/02/then-and-now-nyc-rebuilds-iconic-fountain-of-the-fairs-as-a-fog-garden |access-date=June 16, 2024}}</ref>

The fairground had {{Cvt|28|mi}},<ref name="McPherson 1964" /> {{cvt|39|mi}},<ref name="Alpert p. 21" />{{efn|{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|page=21}}, cited the fair as having {{convert|14|mi}} of roads and {{convert|25|mi}} of paths.}} or {{Cvt|40|mi}} of paths,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225" /> and numerous plazas.<ref name="Lane 1963" /> Throughout the fairground were information booths operated by [[Greyhound Bus]].<ref name="Alpert p. 21" /> Near the northern end of the fairground was a customs building,<ref>{{cite news |date=May 18, 1962 |title=For N. Y. World's Fair—Special Customs Building |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=12 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1335979864}}}}</ref> where customs officials examined items bound for the fair's international pavilions and concessionaires.<ref name="nyt-1964-05-05">{{Cite news |date=May 5, 1964 |title=Customs Agents Find Job Hectic; All Imports for Fair Must Be Checked on Arrival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/05/archives/customs-agents-find-job-hectic-all-imports-for-fair-must-be-checked.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175005/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/05/archives/customs-agents-find-job-hectic-all-imports-for-fair-must-be-checked.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There was a press building next to the [[Grand Central Parkway]], with a reporters' bullpen, offices for major news agencies, a press conference room, and offices.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-05" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=August 23, 1962 |title=For World Fair Newsmen: Ground Broken for Press Building |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=10 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326035027}}}}</ref> The on-site, 22-room Atomedic Hospital was constantly staffed, and there were five first-aid stations.<ref name="nyt-1964-11-01">{{Cite news |date=November 1, 1964 |title=Fair Medical Unit Gave Aid to 53,000; Broad Range of Ailments Treated in First Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/01/archives/fair-medical-unit-gave-aid-to-53000-broad-range-of-ailments-treated.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603211952/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/01/archives/fair-medical-unit-gave-aid-to-53000-broad-range-of-ailments-treated.html |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> About 300 [[closed-circuit television]]s (CCTVs) were installed across the fairground,<ref name="Snyder 1964" /><ref name="Kursh 1964" /> and a film studio for independent filmmakers was also built.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 8, 1963 |title=Multi-Level Studio For World's Fair |magazine=Boxoffice |pages=E-1 |volume=83 |issue=11 |id={{ProQuest|1670945912}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Archer |first=Eugene |date=July 3, 1963 |title=Real Film Studio Planned for Fair; Visitors to Flushing Could See Movies Being Made $1,000,000 Project German Films Scheduled 'Leopard' Coming Aug. 12 'Iguana' Roles Assigned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/03/archives/real-film-studio-planned-for-fair-visitors-to-flushing-could-see.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531203816/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/03/archives/real-film-studio-planned-for-fair-visitors-to-flushing-could-see.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pinkerton matrons operated a lost-child bureau with activities and games for lost children.<ref>{{cite news |last=Herzig |first=Doris |date=September 24, 1964 |title=Fair Bureau Is Lost Child's Haven |work=Newsday |page=69 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913675642}}}}</ref>