Editing Łódź (section)

==Demographics==
[[File:Ignacy Płażewski, Prządki przy pracy, I-4717-4.jpg|thumb|left|Female employees at a textile factory in Łódź, 1950s]]

According to [[Statistics Poland]] (GUS), Łódź was inhabited by 672,185 people and had a [[population density]] of 2,292&nbsp;persons per square kilometre (5,940/sq mi), {{as of|2020|12|lc=y|post=.}}{{sfn|Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys|2021|pp=3, 7}} Approximately 55.7 per cent of inhabitants are of working age (18–64 years), which is a considerable decrease from 64.1 per cent in 2010.{{sfn|Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys|2021|p=7}} An estimated 29.1 per cent is of post-working age compared to 21.8 per cent ten years earlier.{{sfn|Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys|2021|pp=7, 8}} In 2020, 54.39 per cent (365,500) of all residents were women.{{sfn|Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys|2021|pp=7, 8}} Łódź has one of the highest [[feminization (sociology)|feminisation]] rates among Poland's major cities, a legacy of the city's industrial past, when the textile factories attracted large numbers of female employees.{{sfn|Cudny|2012|pp=11–12}}

{{Historical populations|1950|620183|1960|709698|1970|762454|1978|823326|1988|854261|2002|789318|2011|728892|2021|670642|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=1950 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1960 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1970 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>}}

At its peak in 1988 the population was around 854,000;{{sfn|Obraniak|2007|p=5}} however, this has since declined due to low [[fertility]] rates, [[emigration|outward migration]] and a lower life expectancy than in other parts of Poland.{{sfn|Szukalski|Martinez-Fernandez|Weyman|2013|p=7}} Łódź was the country's second largest city until 2007, when it lost its position to [[Kraków]].{{sfn|Cudny|2012|pp=11–12}} A major contributing factor was the abrupt transition from [[planned economy|socialist]] to [[market economy|market-based]] economy after 1989 and the resulting economic crisis,{{sfn|Cox|2014|p=14}} but the economic growth which followed has not reversed the trend.{{sfn|Holm|Marcińczak|Ogrodowczyk|2015|pp=169–170}} [[Depopulation]] and ageing are major impediments for the future development of the city, putting strain on social infrastructure and medical services.{{sfn|Cudny|2012|pp=11–12}} As a result of the continuing demographic crisis and rapid population loss, Łódź was overtaken by [[Wrocław]] and dropped to become the country's fourth-largest city in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wroclaw.pl/dla-mieszkanca/wroclaw-trzecim-najwiekszym-miastem-polski-spis-powszechny#:~:text=GUS%3A%20w%202021%20roku%20Wroc%C5%82aw,najwi%C4%99kszym%20miastem%20Polski%2C%20wyprzedzaj%C4%85c%20%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA |title=GUS: Wrocław stał się trzecim największym miastem Polski, wyprzedzając Łódź |last=Wołodko |first=Maciej |date=20 September 2022 |website=Wrocław.pl |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

Historically, Łódź was multi-ethnic and its diverse population comprised migrants from other regions of [[Europe]]. In 1839, approximately 78 per cent (6,648) of the total population was [[Germans|German]]. In 1913, Łódź had a population of 506,100 people, of whom 251,700 (49.7%) were [[Polish people|Poles]], 171,900 (34%) were [[History of Jews in Poland|Jews]], 75,000 (14.8%) were Germans, and 6,300 (1.3%) were [[Russians]].{{Sfn|Kossert|2010|p=40}} According to the [[Polish census of 1931|1931 Polish census]], the total population of 604,000 included 375,000 (59%) Poles, 192,000 (32%) Jews and 54,000 (9%) Germans. By 1939, the Jewish minority had grown to well over 200,000.<ref>Gordon J Horwitz. ''Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City''. [[Harvard University Press]]. 2009. p. 3.</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:SM Łódź Bazylika archikatedralna św. Stanisława Kostki (2017) (1) ID 613028 (cropped).jpg|thumb|160px|[[Łódź Cathedral|Catholic Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka]]]]
The majority of believers in Łódź adhere to [[Roman Catholicism]], the largest [[religious denomination]] in Poland.<ref name="niedziela">{{cite web |url=https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/89241/Lodz-Koscielne-statystyki |title=Łódź: Kościelne statystyki |last=Bugaj |first=Marcin |date=2023 |website=niedziela.pl |publisher=Instytut Niedziela |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> The first Catholic [[bishopric]] was established in December 1920 and has been elevated to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Łódź]] in 1992 by [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref name="JakSto">{{cite book |last1=Jakubowski |first1=Wojciech |last2=Stolarczyk |first2=Marek |date=2011 |title=Organizacja Kościoła Rzymskokatolickiego na ziemiach polskich od X do XXI wieku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkRSAQAAIAAJ&q=lodzka%20diecezja%201920%201992 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Aspra-JR |page=288 |isbn=9788375452624 |language=pl}}</ref> The primary church for Catholic worship is the [[Łódź Cathedral|Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka]], which is often reserved for special occasions or during religious holidays.<ref name="JakSto"/> Constructed in 1912 in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style, it is the tallest building in the city and one of Poland's tallest churches since the completion of the tower in 1927.<ref name="Arch">{{cite web |url=https://www.archidiecezja.lodz.pl/parafia/swietego-stanislawa-kostki |title=Parafia Świętego Stanisława Kostki w Łodzi |date=2024 |website=archidiecezja.lodz.pl |publisher=Kuria Metropolitalna Łódzka |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> The [[Feast of Corpus Christi]] is widely celebrated and annual marches take place on Piotrkowska Street, in front of the cathedral. Despite this, [[church attendance]] in Łódź is one of the lowest in Poland; mass attendance was estimated at 26% in 2013 and fell to 17% by 2023.<ref name="niedziela"/> Statistics also show that the city and its environs have one of the highest concentration of [[atheists]] in Poland.<ref name="pomorska">{{cite web |url=https://pomorska.pl/polskie-zaglebie-ateizmu-zaczyna-sie-we-wloclawku-poznaj-tajemnice-zakletego-kregu/ar/c1-17938065 |title=Polskie zagłębie ateizmu zaczyna się we Włocławku? Poznaj tajemnice "zaklętego kręgu" |date=2023 |website=pomorska.pl |publisher=Gazeta Pomorska |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pl}}</ref>

Historically, Łódź had a strong and influential [[Protestant]] population (11% in 1921, 9.2% in 1931) that had its origins with the migration of German-speaking weavers and textile workers throughout the 19th century.<ref name="Rzepkowski">{{cite journal |last1=Rzepkowski |first1=Arkadiusz |date=2008 |title=Skład narodowościowy, wyznaniowy i językowy ludności Łodzi w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej |url=https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_19440/c/3-087_104-Rzepkowski.pdf |journal=Przegląd Nauk Historycznych |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=87–104 |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> The [[Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland|Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession]] representing [[Lutherans]] is the largest of the Protestant denominations. The city falls under the [[Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw]], though the congregation is headquartered at the [[Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Pabianice|Church of St. Peter and St. Paul]] in [[Pabianice]]. The only active Lutheran church in Łódź is the historic [[St. Matthew's Church, Łódź|St. Matthew's Church]], which seasonally serves as a concert hall. There is also a [[parish]] of the [[Polish Reformed Church]] ([[Reformed Christianity|Calvinist]]), dating back to 1888, as well as [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] temples. Łódź is considered to be one of the centres of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]' activity in Poland.

[[Judaism]] was once the city's second largest denomination (33.4% in 1931), with up to 250 [[synagogue]]s and [[shtiebel]]s in existence prior to 1939 and a strong cultural output.<ref name="Rzepkowski"/> The [[Stara Synagogue (Łódź)|Stara Synagogue]], commonly known as Alte Szil, and [[Ezras Israel Synagogue]] were the primary places of worship for [[Orthodox Jews]]. The [[Great Synagogue (Łódź)|Great Synagogue]], the largest of its kind, served the [[Reform Judaism|Reformed Jewish community]]. All were destroyed during the Second World War, except for the defunct 19th-century Synagoga Reicherów. The [[Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland]] (ZGWŻ) manages the Łódź municipality; the local base is situated at a newer synagogue on Pomorska Street where the Community maintains kosher facilities and a [[mikveh]].<ref name="kehila">{{cite web |url=http://kehilalodz.com/o-nas/#:~:text=Synagoga%20przy%20ul.,wymogi%20koszerno%C5%9Bci%20oraz%20wszelkie%20standardy. |title=O nas |date=2024 |website=kehilalodz.com |publisher=Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pl}}</ref>

Łódź is the seat of a [[Mariavite Church]] diocese, initially created in 1910.<ref name="Górecki">{{cite book |last=Górecki |first=Artur |date=2010 |title=Próby odnowy życia religijnego w Królestwie Polskim po powstaniu styczniowym |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooBPAQAAIAAJ&q=mariawici%20lodz%201910 |location=Toruń |publisher=Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne |page=140 |isbn=9788362363100 |language=pl}}</ref> The Marivites are followers of [[Old Catholicism]] and a considerable minority; there are only three Mariavite [[diocese]]s across the country.<ref name="Saładaj">{{cite web |url=https://um.pabianice.pl/artykul/110/2972/mariawici |title=Mariawici |last=Saładaj |first=Sławomir |website=um.pabianice.pl |publisher=Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pl |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818141705/https://um.pabianice.pl/artykul/110/2972/mariawici |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Important places of worship">
File:Widok kościoła od strony placu (cropped).jpg|Holy Spirit Church
File:Lodz kosciol Wniebowziecia NMP (dron).jpg|Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
File:SM Łódź Kościół św Mateusza 2017 (2) ID 613039 (cropped).jpg|[[St. Matthew's Church, Łódź|St. Matthew's Church]]
File:SM Łódź Cerkiew katedralna św Aleksandra Newskiego 2017 (1) ID 613040 (cropped).jpg|[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź|Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Cathedral]]
File:Łódź ul Sienkiewicza kościół jezuitów 2013 MZW 6430 (cropped).JPG|Church of St. John the Evangelist
File:Kościół Podwyższenia Świętego Krzyża w Łodzi - wieża (cropped).jpg|Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross
File:Sw Wojciech (cropped)2.jpg|Church of St. Adalbert
File:Kościół pw. Św. Teresy - panoramio (cropped)2.jpg|Church of St. Therese
</gallery>