Editing Øresund Bridge (section)

==Traffic==

Traffic over the Øresund Link consists of both road and rail traffic. Traffic volumes increased sharply in the first years of the link, reaching saturation around 2008. This was followed by a minor decline, the [[2008 financial crisis]], and a more dramatic one, the [[COVID-19 recession]]. Recently, traffic in 2024 reached 15 million rail passengers, the highest to date.

===Road traffic===
[[File:Øresund Bridge Road Traffic.svg|thumb|300px|Number of vehicles across the Øresund Bridge (millions per year and category)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-04-29 |publisher=Øresundsbron |title= Traffic statistics |url=https://www.oresundsbron.com/en/about-oresundsbron/statistik-och-rapporter/traffic-statistics}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>]]
Road traffic over the link consists mainly of passenger cars, goods vehicles and trucks. A small proportion of traffic is made up of buses and motorcycles. Around seven million vehicles cross the link each year, of which around 90% are passenger cars. During most of the year, around half a million vehicles pass through per month, while during the summer, traffic amounts to more than 800 000 vehicles per month.

===Rail transport===
[[File:Øresund Bridge Rail passenger traffic.svg|thumb|300px|Rail passenger traffic across the Øresund Bridge (millions per year)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-05 |publisher=Øresundsbron |title= Årsredovisning 2005 |url=https://data.oresundsbron.com/cms/download/%C3%85rsredovisning%202005.pdf |lang=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-05 |publisher=Øresundsbron |title= Årsredovisning 2010 |url=https://data.oresundsbron.com/cms/download/%C3%85rsredovisning%202010.pdf |lang=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-05 |publisher=Øresundsbron |title= Reports - Annual reports |url=https://www.oresundsbron.com/en/about-oresundsbron/statistik-och-rapporter/annual-reports}}</ref>]]
[[File:Oresundsbron jarnvag 20140515 0252 (14379975915).jpg|thumb|The lower railway level of the bridge]]
[[File:Øresund Bridge.jpg|thumb|The bridge's full stretch between [[Peberholm]] and [[Malmö]]]]
[[File:Öresundbrücke - Ansicht von Klagshamn.jpg|thumb|View from [[Klagshamn]]]]
{{Main|Øresund Line}}
The rail link is operated jointly by the [[Swedish Transport Administration]] (''Trafikverket'') and the Danish railway infrastructure manager [[Banedanmark]]. Passenger train service is commissioned by [[Skånetrafiken]] and the [[Danish Civil Aviation and Railway Authority]] (''Trafikstyrelsen'') under the [[Øresundståg]] ("Øresund train") brand, with [[Transdev]] and [[DSB (railway company)|DSB]] being the current operators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oresundstag.se/en/about-us/|title=About Us|website=www.oresundstag.se|date=14 October 2021}}</ref> A series of new dual-voltage trains was developed, linking the Copenhagen area with Malmö and southern Sweden as far as [[Gothenburg]], [[Karlskrona]] and [[Kalmar]]. [[SJ AB|SJ]] operates [[X 2000|X2000]] trains over the bridge, with connections to Gothenburg and [[Stockholm]]. [[Copenhagen Airport]] at Kastrup has its own railway station close to the western bridgehead. Since December 2022, trains operate typically every 15 minutes during the day, reducing to once an hour during the night in both directions. Additional Øresundstrains are operated at rush hour. Freight trains also use the crossing.

The rail section is [[double track]] {{RailGauge|1435mm|allk=on}} and capable of [[high-speed rail|speeds]] of up to {{convert|200|km/h|mph}}, but slower in Denmark, especially in the tunnel section. There were challenges related to the difference in [[railway electrification|electrification]] and [[Railway signalling|signalling]] between the [[Rail transport in Denmark|Danish]] and [[Rail transport in Sweden|Swedish railway networks]]. The solution chosen is to switch the electrical system from Swedish [[15 kV AC railway electrification|15 kV, 16.7 Hz]] to Danish [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV, 50 Hz]] before the eastern bridgehead at [[Lernacken]] in Sweden. The Swedish signaling system ([[Automatic train control|ATC]]) is used with Swedish optical signals on the bridge and switches to Danish ATC on the western part of Peberholm, {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} into Danish territory, which has been justified by the fact that the Swedish system allows higher speed ({{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}) and costs less to install. There is no way of changing between a locomotive for Danish standard and one for Swedish standard. All rail vehicles using the bridge must be custom made for the standards of both countries.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.jarnvag.net/vagnguide/x31k| title= X31K/X32K/ET | publisher= järnväg.net |lang=sv| access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=crossing/>

Trains run on the left in Sweden, and on the right in Denmark. Initially the switch was made at [[Malmö Central Station]], a [[Train station#Terminus|terminus]] at that time. After the 2010 inauguration of the [[City Tunnel (Malmö)|Malmö City Tunnel]] connection, a tunnel was built at [[Burlöv]], north of Malmö, where the two southbound tracks cross over the northbound pair. The railway in Malmö thus uses the Danish standard.

The gradient of the bridge is 1.56%, which is clearly more than what is desired for freight trains, especially on a busy line such as the Øresund Line, where fewer but heavier freight trains are desirable. The Danish {{ill|Litra EG|da}} locomotives are 6-axle to cope with pulling heavy freight trains across Øresund and the Great Belt Bridge. Other locomotives, such as the [[Alstom Traxx|BR185]], can also haul freight trains, but the wagon weight is limited to 1800 tons.<ref name=crossing/>