Editing Yarn (section)

== Structure ==
{{main|Spinning (textiles)}}
[[File:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Spinning jenny|Spinning Jenny]], spinning machine which was significant in the beginning of the Industrial Revolution]]
[[File:Yarn twist S-Left Z-Right.png|thumb|upright|S- and Z-twist yarn]]

==={{anchor|Spun yarn}}Spun yarn===
Spun yarn is made by twisting [[staple (textiles)|staple]] [[fibre]]s together to make a cohesive thread, or "single".<ref>Kadolph, Sara J., ed. (2007) ''Textiles'', 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall. p. 197. {{ISBN|0-13-118769-4}}</ref> Twisting fibres into yarn in the process called [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]] can be dated back to the [[Upper Paleolithic]],<ref>Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1994) ''Women's Work:The First 20,000 Years'', W. W. Norton. p. 44. {{ISBN|0393313484}}</ref> and yarn spinning was one of the first processes to be [[industrialized]]. Spun yarns are produced by placing a series of individual fibres or filaments together to form a continuous assembly of overlapping fibres, usually bound together by twist. Spun yarns may contain a single type of fibre, or be a blend of various types. Combining synthetic fibres (which can have high strength, lustre, and fire retardant qualities) with natural fibres (which have good water absorbency and skin comforting qualities) is very common. The most widely used blends are cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic fibre blends. Blends of different natural fibres are common too, especially with more expensive fibres such as alpaca, [[angora wool|angora]] and [[Cashmere wool|cashmere]].

Yarn is selected for different textiles based on the characteristics of the yarn fibres, such as warmth (wool), light weight (cotton or rayon), durability (nylon is added to sock yarn, for example), or softness (cashmere, alpaca).

Yarn is composed of twisted strands of fiber, which are known as plies when grouped together.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eEpAAAAQBAJ&q=Yarn+twisted+strands+of+fiber%2C+which+are+known+as+plies+when+grouped+together.&pg=PA367|title=Construction Materials Reference Book|last1=Doran|first1=David|last2=Cather|first2=Bob|date=2013-07-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135139216}}</ref> These strands of yarn are twisted together ([[plying|plied]]) in the opposite direction to make a thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the yarn will have either ''s-twist'' (the threads appear to go "up" to the left) or ''z-twist'' (to the right). For a single ply yarn, the direction of the final twist is the same as its original twist. The twist direction of yarn can affect the final properties of the fabric, and combined use of the two twist directions can nullify skewing in knitted fabric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.interweave.com/article/spinning/plying-yarn-resources/|title=How to Ply Yarn the Simple Way with this Expert Guide {{!}} Interweave|date=2016-11-18|work=Interweave|access-date=2017-12-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214201804/http://www.interweave.com/article/spinning/plying-yarn-resources/|archive-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>

The mechanical integrity of yarn is derived from frictional contacts between its composing fibers. The science behind this was first studied by [[Galileo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=Patrick B.|display-authors=etal|title=Why Clothes Don't Fall Apart: Tension Transmission in Staple Yarns|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|date=13 April 2018|volume=120|issue=15|pages=158001|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.158001|pmid=29756870|arxiv=1804.07606|bibcode=2018PhRvL.120o8001W|s2cid=21727156}}</ref>

==== Carded and combed yarn ====
Combed yarns are produced by adding another step of yarn spinning, namely combing, which aligns the fibres and removes the short fibres carried over from the previous step of carding. Combed yarn results in superior-quality fabrics. In comparison to carded yarns, this particular yarn is slightly more expensive, because the weaving is a long, consuming process. Combing separates small fibres from elongated fibres, in which this procedure makes the yarn softer and smoother.<ref>{{Cite book|last=American Home Economics Association. Textiles and Clothing Section|url=http://archive.org/details/textilehandbook00amer|title=Textile handbook|date=1970|publisher=Washington, American Home Economics Association|others=Internet Archive|pages=30}}</ref>

==== Hosiery yarn ====
Hosiery yarns are used in the manufacturing of [[knitted fabric]]s. Since the knitted materials are more delicate than woven materials; hence hosiery yarns are made 'softer' with fewer [[Twist per inch|twists per inch]] than their woven counterparts. Hosiery yarn comes from a separate spinning process (melt spinning), and is used with circular knitting machines to form fabric.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wingate|first=Isabel Barnum|url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio00wing|title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles|date=1979|publisher=New York : Fairchild Publications|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87005-198-2|pages=298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1927-03-01|title=Hosiery Yarns and the Knitted Fabric|journal=Journal of the Textile Institute Proceedings|volume=18|issue=3|pages=P74–P75|doi=10.1080/19447012708665800}}</ref>

==== Open-end yarn ====
Open-end yarn is produced by [[open-end spinning]] without a [[Spindle (textiles)|spindle]]. The method of spinning is different from [[ring spinning]]. In open-end yarn, there is no [[roving]] frame stage. [[Sliver (textiles)|Sliver]] from the [[Carding|card]] goes into the rotor, is spun into yarn directly. Open-end yarn can be produced from short fibers. Open-end yarns are different from ring yarns. Open-end yarns are limited to coarser counts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wingate|first=Isabel Barnum|url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio00wing|title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles|date=1979|publisher=New York : Fairchild Publications|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87005-198-2|pages=425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/798340806|title=Advances in yarn spinning technology|date=2010|publisher=Woodhead Publishing Ltd|author=Lawrence, Alexander |isbn=978-0-85709-021-8|location=Cambridge|pages=81–261–273–365|oclc=798340806}}</ref>

==== Novelty yarn ====
{{main|Novelty yarns}}
Novelty yarns or complex yarns are yarns with special (fancy) effects introduced during spinning or plying. One example is [[slub (textiles)|slub]] yarns, yarn with thick or thin sections alternating regularly or irregularly. In a similar manner, creating deliberate unevenness, additions or injections of neps or metallic or synthetic fibers (along with natural fibers) in spinning creates novelty yarns.

===Filament yarn===
<!-- [[Filament yarn]] redirects here -->
Filament yarn consists of [[Filament fibre|filament fibres]] (very long continuous fibres) either twisted together or only grouped together. Thicker [[monofilament line|monofilament]]s are typically used for industrial purposes rather than fabric production or decoration. Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament yarns are used to produce silk-like effects.

==== Texturized yarn====

Texturized yarns are made by a process of air texturizing filament yarns (sometimes referred to as ''[[taslanizing]]''), which combines multiple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the characteristics of spun yarns. They are synthetic continuous filaments that are modified to impart special texture and appearance. It was originally applied to synthetic fibers to reduce transparency, slipperiness and increase warmth, absorbency and makes the yarn more opaque. It was used to manufacture a variety of textile products: knitted underwear and outer wear, shape-retaining knitted suits, overcoats. They also were used in the production of artificial fur, carpets, blankets, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=textile – Types of yarn|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-12|title=Moisture mobility in textured yarns and fabrics|url=https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/moisture-mobility-in-textured-yarns-and-fabrics/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Textile News, Apparel News, RMG News, Fashion Trends}}</ref>