Editing Xenophobia (section)

==== Panama ====
{{Further|Afro-Panamanians}}
Peter Szok argues that when the United States brought in large numbers of laborers from the Caribbean—called "[[Afro-Panamanians]]"—to build the [[Panama Canal]] (1905–1914), xenophobia emerged. The local elite in Panama felt its culture was threatened: they cried out, "La Patria es el Recuerdo." ("The Homeland is the Memory") and developed a Hispanophile elitist identity through an artistic literary movement known as "Hispanismo." Another result was the election of the "overtly nationalist and anti-imperialist" [[Arnulfo Arias]] as president in 1940.<ref>Peter Szok,  "'La Patria es el Recuerdo', Hispanophile Nationalism in Early Twentieth-Century Panama, 1903–1941." ''Journal of Caribbean History'' 31.1 (1997): 149–184.</ref>