Editing White people (section)

=== Australia and Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{See also|European Australians|Anglo-Celtic Australians}}
From 1788, when the [[History of New South Wales|first British colony in Australia]] was founded, until the early nineteenth century, most immigrants to Australia were [[Convicts in Australia|English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish convicts]]. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the [[British Isles]] and other European countries. However, until the mid-nineteenth century, there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic minorities tended to be assimilated into the [[Anglo-Celtic]] populations.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
[[File:European Australians from 1947 to 1966.gif|thumb|290px|Australians of European origin from 1947 to 1966 when racial data was collected]]
People of many nationalities, including many non-White people, emigrated to Australia during the [[Australian gold rushes|gold rushes]] of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still White and the gold rushes inspired the [[Lambing Flat riots|first racist activism]] and policy, directed mainly at [[Chinese Australians|Chinese immigrants]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

From the late nineteenth century, the [[States and territories of Australia|Colonial/State]] and later [[Government of Australia|federal governments]] of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "[[White Australia policy]]", which was consolidated and enabled by the [[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]],<ref>[http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16 Immigration Restriction Act 1901] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601201917/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16 |date=1 June 2011}}. Foundingdocs.gov.au.</ref> but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any [[European language]] as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries, depending on the political climate.

Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after [[World War II]] that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time.<ref>Stephen Castles, "The Australian Model of Immigration and Multiculturalism: Is It Applicable to Europe?," ''International Migration Review'', Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration. (Summer, 1992), pp. 549–567.</ref> Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages: non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from [[white Latin American|Latin America]] or [[white Africans of European ancestry|Africa]]), as were [[indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] inhabitants (such as [[Maronites]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Mandeans]]) of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from [[Lebanon]] and to a lesser degree [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] and [[Iran]]. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and geographic origin were officially terminated.

Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial origin in 1971 and 1976, and by self-declared ancestry alone since 1981, meaning no attempt is now made to classify people according to skin colour.<ref name="referendum1967">{{cite web |url= http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0Feature+Article2July+2011 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and the Census After the 1967 Referendum |work=Abs.gov.au |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> As at the 2016 census, it was estimated by the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.<ref name="humanrights.gov.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf |title=Leading for change |website= humanrights.gov.au|access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref> The [[2021 Australian census]] form does not use the term "white".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics : Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au |format=XLSX}}</ref>

The federal and state police forces use the descriptor Caucasian, along with four others: [[Aboriginal Australians |Aboriginal]], Asian, and Other.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tadros |first=Edmund |title=Police urged to change ethnic labels |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=24 April 2007 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/police-urged-to-change-ethnic-labels-20070424-gdpzbj.html |access-date=21 March 2025 | quote =The council said NSW police should use the national standards, adopted in 1993 by other police forces, which use four terms to describe appearance in public communications about crimes: Aboriginal, Asian, Caucasian and other.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnicity & Crime in NSW: Politics, Rhetoric & Ethnic Descriptors |website=Australian Arabic Council |date=15 January 2003 |url=https://aac.org.au/ethnicity-crime-in-nsw-politics-rhetoric-ethnic-descriptors/ |access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref>

==== New Zealand ====
{{See also|European New Zealanders}}

The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of [[New Zealand]]. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant, and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish),<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/germans/page-1 Germans: First Arrivals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163314/https://teara.govt.nz/en/germans/page-1 |date=21 April 2018 }} (from the [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]])</ref> France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada.

In the 1860s, the discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The [[Otago Association]] actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the [[Canterbury Association]] recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20672|title=4. History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}{{dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the 1870s, MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports, and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20686|title=5. History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}{{dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority and did so for the next 150 years.

The [[2023 New Zealand census]] form doesn't use the term "white".<ref name="StatsNZ">{{Cite web |title=2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Stats.govt.nz}}</ref>