Editing Vitamin E (section)

== Sources ==
Of the different forms of vitamin E, gamma-tocopherol ([[Gamma-Tocopherol|γ-tocopherol]]) is the most common form found in the North American diet, but alpha-tocopherol ([[Alpha-Tocopherol|α-tocopherol]]) is the most biologically active.<ref name=lpi /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reboul E, Richelle M, Perrot E, Desmoulins-Malezet C, Pirisi V, Borel P | title = Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from their main dietary sources | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 54 | issue = 23 | pages = 8749–55 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17090117 | doi = 10.1021/jf061818s | bibcode = 2006JAFC...54.8749R }}</ref>

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services, maintains a food composition database. The last major revision was Release 28, September 2015. Common naturally occurring vitamin E sources are shown in the table,<ref name=USDA-NDL /> as are some alpha-tocopherol fortified sources such as ready-to-eat cereals, infant formulas, and liquid nutrition products.<ref name=USDA-NDL />
<div style="float:left; padding: 1em;">
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Plant source<ref name=USDA-NDL>{{cite web |url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&offset=0&totCount=0&nutrient1=323&nutrient2=&nutrient3=&subset=0&sort=c&measureby=g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225135/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&offset=0&totCount=0&nutrient1=323&nutrient2=&nutrient3=&subset=0&sort=c&measureby=g |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2018 |title=USDA Food Composition Databases | date=2015 |website=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Release 28 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>
! colspan=2 | Amount<br /> (mg / 100&nbsp;g)
|-
|[[Wheat germ oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 150
| style="border-left-style:none;"|
|-
|[[Hazelnut]] oil
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 47
| style="border-left-style:none;"|
|-
|[[Canola]]/[[rapeseed]] oil
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 44
| style="border-left-style:none;"|
|-
|[[Sunflower oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right:none;"| 41
| style="padding-left:0; border-left:none;"| .1&nbsp;
|-
|[[Almond oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 39
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .2
|-
|[[Safflower]] oil
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 34
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|-
|[[Grapeseed oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 28
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .8
|-
|[[Sunflower seed]] kernels
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 26
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|-
|[[Almonds]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 25
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .6
|}
</div>
<div style="float:left; padding: 1em;">
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Plant source<ref name=USDA-NDL />
! colspan=2 | Amount<br /> (mg / 100&nbsp;g)
|-
|[[Palm oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 15
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .9
|-
|[[Peanut oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 15
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .7
|-
|[[Margarine]], tub
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 15
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .4
|-
|[[Hazelnuts]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 15
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .3
|-
|[[Corn oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 14
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .8
|-
|[[Olive oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 14
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .3
|-
|[[Soybean oil]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 12
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|-
|[[Pine nuts]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 9
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .3
|-
|[[Peanut butter]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 9
| style="border-left-style:none;"|
|}
</div>
<div style="float:left; padding: 1em;">
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Plant source<ref name=USDA-NDL />
! colspan=2 | Amount<br /> (mg / 100&nbsp;g)
|-
|[[Pistachio]] nuts
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 2
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .8&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|[[Avocados]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 2
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .6
|-
|[[Spinach]], raw
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 2
| style="border-left-style:none;"|
|-
|[[Asparagus]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 1
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .5
|-
|[[Broccoli]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 1
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .4
|-
|[[Cashew]] nuts
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .9
|-
|[[Bread]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 0.2–0.3
|-
|[[Rice]], brown
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .2
|-
|[[Potato]], [[Pasta]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| < 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|}
</div>
<div style="float:left; padding: 1em;">
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Animal source<ref name=USDA-NDL />
! colspan=2 | Amount<br /> (mg / 100&nbsp;g)
|-
|[[fish as food|Fish]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 1.0–2.8
|-
|[[Oysters]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| &nbsp;&nbsp;1
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .7
|-
|[[Butter]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 1
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .6
|-
|[[Egg as food|Eggs]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 1
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|-
|[[Cheese]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 0.6–0.7
|-
|[[chicken as food|Chicken]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .3
|-
|[[Beef]], [[Pork]]
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|-
|[[Milk]], whole
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .1
|-
|[[Milk]], skim
| style="text-align:right; padding-right:0; border-right-style:none;"| 0
| style="padding-left:0; border-left-style:none;"| .01
|}
</div>{{Clear}}

Tocotrienols occur in some food sources, the richest being [[palm oil]], and to a lesser extent [[rice bran oil]], [[barley]], [[oats]], and certain seeds, nuts and grains, and the oils derived from them.<ref name="Tan et al">{{cite book | veditors =Tan B, Watson RR, Preedy VR | title =Tocotrienols: Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols | place =Boca Raton | publisher =CRC Press | year =2013 | edition =2nd | isbn = 9781439884416}}</ref><ref name="Babura2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Babura SR, Abdullah SN, Khaza Ai H |title=Advances in Genetic Improvement for Tocotrienol Production: A Review |journal=J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=215–221 |date=2017 |pmid=28978868 |doi=10.3177/jnsv.63.215 |url=| doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>

=== Supplements ===
[[File:Codliveroilcapsules.jpg|thumb|Softgel capsules used for large amounts of vitamin E]]
Vitamin E is fat soluble, so dietary supplement products are usually in the form of the vitamin, esterified with acetic acid to generate [[tocopheryl acetate]], and dissolved in vegetable oil in a softgel capsule.<ref name=lpi /> For alpha-tocopherol, amounts range from 100 to 1000 IU per serving. Smaller amounts are incorporated into multi-vitamin/mineral tablets. Gamma-tocopherol and tocotrienol supplements are also available from dietary supplement companies. The latter are extracts from palm oil.<ref name="Ahsan2015"/>

=== Fortification ===
The World Health Organization does not have any recommendations for food fortification with vitamin E.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241594012 |title=Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients |date=2006 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212124940/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241594012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Food Fortification Initiative does not list any countries that have mandatory or voluntary programs for vitamin E.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ffinetwork.org/savelives |title=Food Fortification Initiative - Why fortify? |website=Food Fortification Initiative, Enhancing Grains for Better Lives |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308151817/https://www.ffinetwork.org/savelives |url-status=live }}</ref> Infant formulas have alpha-tocopherol as an ingredient. In some countries, certain brands of ready-to-eat cereals, liquid nutrition products, and other foods have alpha-tocopherol as an added ingredient.<ref name=USDA-NDL />

=== Non-nutrient food additives ===
Various forms of vitamin E are common [[food additive]]s in oily food, used to deter [[rancidity]] caused by peroxidation. Those with an [[E number]] include:<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |title=Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of tocopherol-rich extract (E 306), α-tocopherol (E 307), γ-tocopherol (E 308) and δ-tocopherol (E 309) as food additives |journal=EFSA Journal |date=September 2015 |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4247| doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>
# E306 Tocopherol-rich extract (mixed, natural, can include tocotrienol)
# E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic)
# E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic)
# E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic)

These E numbers include all racemic forms and acetate esters thereof.<ref name="efsa"/> Commonly found on food labels in Europe and some other countries, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the [[European Food Safety Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faia.org.uk/faq2_4.php|title=Frequently asked questions {{!}} Why food additives|website=Food Additives and Ingredients Association UK & Ireland- Making life taste better|access-date=27 October 2010|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601015633/https://www.faia.org.uk/faqs/|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>