Editing Uzbeks (section)

=== Uzbek period ===
[[File:Shaybani.jpg|thumb|[[Shaybani Khan]], 1507]]
By 1510, the Uzbeks had completed their conquest of Central Asia{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}, including the territory of the present-day Uzbekistan. Of the states they established, the most powerful, the [[Khanate of Bukhara]], centered on the city of Bukhara. The khanate controlled Mawarannahr, especially the region of [[Tashkent]], the [[Fergana Valley]] in the east, and northern Afghanistan. A second Uzbek state, the [[Khanate of Khiva]] was established in the oasis of [[Khorazm]] at the mouth of the Amu Darya. The Khanate of Bukhara was initially led by the energetic [[Shaybanids|Shaybanid dynasty]], the successors of [[Muhammad Shaybani]]. The Shaybanids initially competed against Iran for a few years, which was led by the [[Safavid dynasty]], for the rich far-eastern territory of present-day Iran.<ref name="Eraly2007">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT25|date=17 September 2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7|page=25|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223542/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT25|url-status=live}}</ref> The struggle with the Safavids also had a religious aspect, because the Uzbeks were [[Sunni]] Muslims while Iran was [[Shia]].<ref name=up>Lubin, Nancy. "Uzbek period". In Curtis.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Shaybani Khan wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of poems by Shaybani Khan, written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London.<ref>A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, «Muhammad Shaybanî's Bahru'l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay», Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4</ref>

Shaybani-khan's nephew [[Ubaydulla Khan]] was a very educated person, he skillfully recited the Koran and provided it with commentaries in the Turkic language. Ubaydulla himself wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has reached us.<ref>B. V. Norik, Rol shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI v. // Rakhmat-name. Sankt Petersburg, 2008, p.230</ref>

The term "92 Uzbek tribes", which appeared in the fifteenth-century Dasht-i Qipchaq, began to be used with a variety of meanings in the following centuries depending on the political and cultural context.<ref>Malikov A. "92 Uzbek Tribes" in Official Discourses and the Oral Traditions from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 3, p.515</ref> Near the end of the 16th century, the Uzbek states<ref>Bregel, Yuri. "The New Uzbek States: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: c. 1750–1886." The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (2009): 392–411.</ref> of Bukhara and Khorazm began to weaken because of their endless wars against each other and the Persians and because of strong competition for the throne among the khans in power and their heirs. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Shaybanid dynasty was replaced by the [[Janid dynasty]].<ref name=up/>

Another factor contributing to the weakness of the Uzbek khanates in this period was the general decline of trade moving through the region. This change had begun in the previous century when ocean trade routes were established from Europe to India and China, circumventing the Silk Route. As European-dominated ocean transport expanded and some trading centers were destroyed, cities such as Bukhara, [[Merv]], and Samarkand in the Khanate of Bukhora and [[Khiva]] and [[Urganch]] (Urgench) in Khorazm began to steadily decline.<ref name=up/>

The Uzbeks' struggle with Iran also led to the cultural isolation of Central Asia from the rest of the Islamic world. In addition to these problems, the struggle with the nomads from the northern steppe continued. In the 17th and 18th centuries, [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] nomads and Mongols continually raided the Uzbek khanates, causing widespread damage and disruption. In the beginning of the 18th century, the Khanate of Bukhara lost the fertile Fergana region, and a [[Khanate of Kokand|new Uzbek khanate]] was formed in [[Quqon]].<ref name=up/>