Editing Universal jurisdiction (section)

===France===
{{see also|Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals#France}}
The article 689 of the ''code de procédure pénale''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=8D7A735D0F327A8D49651831AD29817E.tpdjo04v_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006151920&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071154&dateTexte=20090315 |title=Détail d'un code |language=fr |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> states the infractions that can be judged in France when they were committed outside French territory either by French citizens or foreigners. The following infractions may be prosecuted:
* Torture
* Terrorism
* Nuclear smuggling
* Naval piracy
* Airplane hijacking

In February 2019, [[Abdulhamid Chaban]], a former soldier of the [[Syrian Army]], was arrested and indicted for complicity in crimes against humanity during the [[Syrian civil war]], whereas [[Majdi Nema]], a former spokesperson for [[Jaysh al-Islam]], was arrested and indicted for war crimes and torture, respectively. In May 2023, the French [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] ruled that French universal jurisdiction allows for a trial of said individuals, and that it was not obligatory that "the offences of crime against humanity or war crime be identically described by the laws of the foreign country", in this case Syria.<ref>{{cite news| title=France: Court Ruling Win for Syrian Victims| url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/12/france-court-ruling-win-syrian-victims |date=12 May 2023| work=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=French court upholds right to investigate Syrians suspected of war crimes| url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20230513-france-s-highest-court-upholds-right-to-investigate-syrians-on-french-soil-suspected-of-war-crimes |date=13 May 2023| work=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]]}}</ref>

On 15 November 2023, France issued international arrest warrants for Syrian leader [[Bashar al-Assad]] and three other Syrian officials for war crimes perpetrated during the 2013 [[Ghouta chemical attack]] and the 2018 [[Douma chemical attack]].<ref>{{cite news| title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/france-issues-arrest-warrants-against-syrias-president-assad-source-2023-11-15/ |date=15 November 2023| work=Reuters}}</ref>

On 21 May 2024, a Paris Criminal Court started a trial ''in absentia'' of [[Ali Mamlouk]], former head of the National Security Bureau, [[Jamil Hassan]], former director of the Air Force intelligence service, and [[Abdel Salam Mahmoud]], former head of investigations for the service, for the deaths of two French-Syrian citizens during the Syrian civil war.<ref>{{cite news| title=Senior Syrian officials on trial in France for war crimes| url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20240521-senior-syrian-officials-on-trial-in-france-for-war-crimes| date=1 May 2024| work=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]]}}</ref>