Editing Tourmaline (section)

== Localities ==
Gem and specimen tourmaline is mined chiefly in [[Brazil]] and many parts of [[Africa]], including [[Tanzania]], [[Nigeria]], [[Kenya]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], [[Malawi]], and [[Namibia]]. It is also mined in [[Asia]], notably in [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Indonesia]] as well as in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]],<ref>{{cite book |last3= Hurlbut |first3= Cornelius Searle| first1= James Dwight |last1= Dana| first2= Cornelis | last2= Klien|title= Manual of Mineralogy| year= 1977 | edition= 19th |publisher= John Wiley and Sons| isbn= 9780471032885}}</ref> where some placer material suitable for gem use is found.

=== United States ===
Some fine gems and specimen material have been produced in the United States, with the first discoveries in 1822, in the state of [[Maine]]. California became a large producer of tourmaline in the early 1900s. The Maine deposits tend to produce crystals in raspberry pink-red as well as minty greens. The California deposits are known for bright pinks, as well as bicolors. During the early 1900s, Maine and California were the world's largest producers of gem tourmalines. The [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of China loved pink tourmaline and bought large quantities for gemstones and carvings from the then new Himalaya Mine, located in [[San Diego County]], California.<ref>{{cite book |first= Fred |last= Rynerson |title= Exploring and Mining Gems and Gold in the West |year= 1977 |publisher= Naturegraph | isbn= 9780911010602}}</ref> It is not clear when the first tourmaline was found in California. [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] have used pink and green tourmaline as funeral gifts for centuries. The first documented case was in 1890 when Charles Russel Orcutt found pink tourmaline at what later became the Stewart Mine at [[Pala, California]] in [[San Diego County]].<ref>{{cite journal |first= Paul Willard |last= Johnson |title= Common Gems of San Diego |journal= Gems and Gemology |volume= XII |date= Winter 1968–69 |page= 358}}</ref>

=== Brazil ===
[[File:Watermelon Tourmaline.JPG|thumb|Watermelon Tourmaline mineral on quartz matrix (crystal approximately {{cvt|2|cm}} wide at face)]]

Almost every color of tourmaline can be found in Brazil, especially in [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Bahia]]. The new type of tourmaline, which soon became known as paraiba tourmaline, came in blue and green. Brazilian paraiba tourmaline usually contains abundant inclusions. Much of the paraiba tourmaline from Brazil does not actually come from [[Paraíba]], but the neighboring state of [[Rio Grande do Norte]]. Material from Rio Grande do Norte is often somewhat less intense in color, but many fine gems are found there. It was determined that the element copper was important in the coloration of the stone.<ref name="Rossman et al. 1991">Rossman et al. 1991.</ref>

A large bluish-green tourmaline from Paraiba, measuring {{cvt|36.44|x|33.75|x|21.85|mm|2}} and weighing {{cvt|191.87|carat|oz g}}, is the world's largest cut tourmaline.<ref name=Guinness>{{cite web |url= http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-6000/largest-cut-paraiba-tourmaline/ |title= Largest cut Paraiba Tourmaline |work= [[Guinness World Records]] | access-date= 29 April 2018 |date= 2014 |url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140926133512/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-6000/largest-cut-paraiba-tourmaline/ |archive-date= 26 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name= "Edmonton Journal">{{cite web |via= canada.com |first=Mike |last= King |work= [[Montreal Gazette]] |agency= Canwest News Service |date= October 17, 2009 |url= http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=afdf8230-32ef-46a9-91fb-ba3e9bc8e1ac |title= Giant jewel breaks record |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130402013857/http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=afdf8230-32ef-46a9-91fb-ba3e9bc8e1ac |archive-date= 2013-04-02 }}</ref> Owned by Billionaire Business Enterprises,<ref name="Guinness" /> it was presented in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], on 14 October 2009.<ref name= "Edmonton Journal" />

=== Africa ===
[[File:Paraiba-Turmalin-Mosambik-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|left|Paraiba tourmaline from Mozambique]]

In the late 1990s, copper-containing tourmaline was found in [[Nigeria]]. The material was generally paler and less saturated than the Brazilian materials, although the material generally was much less included. A more recent African discovery from [[Mozambique]] has also produced tourmaline colored by copper, similar to the Brazilian paraiba. The Mozambique paraiba material usually is more intensely colored than the Nigerian and Mozambique Paraiba tourmaline have similar colors to the Brazilian Paraiba, but the prices are relatively cheaper, better clarity and larger sizes. In recent years the pricing of these beautiful gemstones has increased significantly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.starlanka.com/gemstones/paraiba-tourmaline/ |title="Paraiba Tourmaline"-type Copper-bearing Tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique}}</ref>

Another highly valuable variety is chrome tourmaline, a rare type of dravite tourmaline from [[Tanzania]]. Chrome tourmaline is a rich green color due to the presence of chromium atoms in the crystal. Of the standard elbaite colors, blue indicolite gems are typically the most valuable,<ref name=Grande-Augustyn>{{cite book |first1= Allison |last1= Augustyn |first2= Lance |last2= Grande |title=Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World |year=2009 |publisher= University of Chicago Press| isbn= 978-0226305110| page= 152| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&q=blue+indicolite+tourmaline+most+valuable&pg=PA152|url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180429010238/https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&pg=PA152&dq=blue+indicolite+tourmaline+most+valuable&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CoamUcnmOIiAhAfE74FA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=blue%20indicolite%20tourmaline%20most%20valuable&f=false |archive-date=2018-04-29 |via= Google Books}}</ref> followed by green verdelite and pink to red rubellite.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/tourmaline_gemstone.aspx |title= Tourmaline: The gemstone Tourmaline information and pictures |website= minerals.net |access-date= 2018-01-04 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016042357/http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/tourmaline_gemstone.aspx |archive-date= 2017-10-16 }}</ref>