Editing Times New Roman (section)

==Linotype design (Times Roman)==
[[File:Times Roman.png|thumb|A specimen of the font Times Roman, Linotype's version of Times New Roman]]
[[File:Many accented a (8277806822).jpg|thumb|Working drawings for a Linotype release of "Times Roman". Various accents are drawn together on the same sheet.<ref name="Charli Luc">{{cite web |title=Pencil To Pixel – Monotype |url=https://luccharli.wordpress.com/2012/11/23/pencil-to-pixel-monotype-3/ |website=Charli Luc |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:Times Roman vs Times New Roman.png|thumb|Some differences between Linotype's Times Roman and Monotype's Times New Roman typefaces.<ref name="Strizver TypeTalk" /><ref name="Fonts in Use Low←tech TNR vs. TR">{{cite web |last1=Sluiter |first1=Matthijs |last2=Hardwig |first2=Florian |title=Low←tech Magazine website |url=https://fontsinuse.com/uses/24504/low-tech-magazine-website#comment-630450 |website=Fonts in Use |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>]]
Monotype originally created Times New Roman for its typesetting machines, but its rival [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Linotype]] rapidly began to offer its version of the typeface with subtle differences. A key reason is that many newspapers, including ''The Times'', also used Linotype equipment for production. Linotype referred to its design as ''Times'' or ''Times Roman''. Monotype and Linotype have since merged, but the lineage of Times has been split into two subtly different designs since its earliest days.

Although Times New Roman and Times are very similar, various differences developed between the versions marketed by Linotype and Monotype when the master fonts were transferred from metal to [[cold type|photo]] and digital media. For example, Linotype has slanted [[serif]]s on the capital S, while Monotype's are vertical, and Linotype has an extra serif on the number 5.<ref name="Strizver TypeTalk">{{cite web|first=Ilene|last=Strizver|url=http://www.creativepro.com/blog/typetalk-times-roman-vs-times-new-roman|title=TypeTalk: Times Roman vs Times New Roman|work=CreativePro.com|date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> Most of these differences are invisible in body text at normal reading distances, or 10pts at 300 dpi. Subtle competition grew between the two foundries, as the proportions and details as well as the width metrics for their version of Times grew apart.<ref name="times-development" /> Differences between the two versions do occur in the lowercase z in the italic weight (Times Linotype has a curl also followed in the STIX revival, Times New Roman is straight),{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=204}} and in the percent sign in all weights (Linotype and STIX have a stroke connecting up the left-hand zero with a slash, Times New Roman does not). Monotype's 'J' is non-descending, but Linotype's in the bold weight descends below the baseline. Linotype's metal version of Times had a shrunken 'f' due to a technical limitation of the Linotype system—it could not cast a [[kerning]] 'f', one that extended into the space of surrounding letters.<ref name="Felici Ligatures" /> This restriction was removed in the digital version.<ref name="Felici Ligatures">{{cite web |last1=Felici |first1=James |title=Ligatures: Is This Trip Really Necessary? |url=https://creativepro.com/ligatures-trip-really-necessary/ |website=CreativePro |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

Linotype licensed its version to [[Xerox]] and then [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], guaranteeing its importance in digital printing by making it one of the core fonts of the [[PostScript]] page description language.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shaw|first1=Paul|title=Some history about Arial|url=http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/09/blue-pencil-no-18%E2%80%94some-history-about-arial/|website=Paul Shaw Letter Design|access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hitchcock 30 years">{{cite web |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Greg |title=Thirty Years of Monotype's Times New Roman and Arial on Windows |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/thirty-years-monotypes-times-new-roman-arial-windows-greg-hitchcock/ |website=LinkedIn |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Microsoft's version of Times New Roman is licensed from Monotype, hence the original name. For compatibility, Monotype had to subtly redraw their design to match the widths from the Adobe/Linotype version.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simonson|first1=Mark|author-link=Mark Simonson|title=Monotype's Other Arials|date=21 February 2001 |url=http://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/monotypes-other-arials|publisher=Mark Simonson Studio|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> Versions of Times New Roman from Monotype (discussed below) exist which vary from the PostScript metrics. Linotype applied for registration of the trademark name ''Times Roman'' and received registration status in 1945.<ref name="times-development">{{cite web |url= http://www.truetype-typography.com/articles/times.htm |title=Times (New) Roman and its part in the Development of Scalable Font Technology |first=Charles|last=Bigelow|author-link=Charles Bigelow (type designer) |year=1994 |access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref>