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==== Markings on the ''photduang'' ==== The markings on ''photduang'' coins varied across different periods. During the Sukhothai era, some coins bore no marks, while others had up to 11. This variation was because, at that time, individuals and merchants could produce their own money. However, from the Ayutthaya period onward, the production of ''photduang'' was monopolized by the government, making it easier to identify coins from each era. Ayutthaya ''photduang'' typically bore two marks: the dynasty mark, which could be a spoked wheel symbolizing the "Wheel of Law" from Buddhist teachings or the Chakra (Vishnu's weapon), represented by a pattern of 8 dots surrounding a central dot. The king's personal mark varied with each ruler and included symbols such as a conch shell, a Garuda bird (''khrut''), an elephant, and an anchor, each symbolizing different aspects of the king's reign or divine associations.<ref name=":02" />
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