Editing Ted Bundy (section)

== ''Modus operandi'' and victim profiles ==
Bundy was an unusually organized and calculating criminal who used his extensive knowledge of law enforcement methodologies to elude identification and capture for years.{{sfn|Von Drehle|1995|pp=283–285}} His crime scenes were distributed over large geographic areas; his victim count had risen to at least 20 before it became clear that numerous investigators in widely disparate [[jurisdiction]]s were hunting the same man.{{sfn|Von Drehle|1995|p=285}} Bundy's assault methods of choice were blunt trauma and strangulation, two relatively silent techniques that could be accomplished with common household items.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=30}} He deliberately avoided firearms due to the noise they made and the [[ballistics|ballistic]] evidence they left behind.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=111}} He was a "meticulous researcher" who explored his surroundings in minute detail, looking for safe sites to seize and dispose of victims.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=257}} He was unusually skilled at minimizing physical evidence.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=87}} Bundy's fingerprints were never found at a crime scene, nor any other incontrovertible evidence of his guilt, a fact he repeated often during the years in which he attempted to maintain his innocence.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=16}}

[[File:Ted Bundy in court.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Bundy is seen from the side. He is wearing a tweed jacket and has his hand positioned near his chin.|Bundy in a Miami courtroom in 1979]]
Other significant obstacles for law enforcement were Bundy's generic, essentially anonymous physical features,{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=80}} and a curious [[chameleon]]-like ability to change his appearance.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=159}} Early on, police complained of the futility of showing his photograph to witnesses; he looked different in virtually every photo ever taken of him.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=vii}} In person, "his expression would so change his whole appearance that there were moments that you weren't even sure you were looking at the same person," said Stewart Hanson Jr., the judge in the DaRonch trial. "He [was] really a changeling."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=176}} Bundy was well aware of this unusual quality and he exploited it, using subtle modifications of facial hair or hairstyle to significantly alter his appearance as necessary.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=73}} He concealed his one distinctive identifying mark, a dark mole on his neck, with turtleneck shirts and sweaters.{{sfn|Rule|2009|p=241}} Even his Volkswagen Beetle proved difficult to pin down; its color was variously described by witnesses as metallic or non-metallic, tan or bronze, light brown or dark brown.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=172}}

Bundy's ''[[modus operandi]]'' evolved in organization and sophistication over time, as is typical of serial killers, according to FBI experts.<ref name="timeline"/> Early on, it consisted of forcible late-night entry followed by a violent attack with a blunt weapon on a sleeping victim.{{sfn|Rule|2009|pp=14–16}} As his methodology evolved, he became progressively more organized in his choice of victims and crime scenes. He would employ various ruses designed to lure his victim to the vicinity of his vehicle where he had pre-positioned a weapon, usually a crowbar. In many cases he wore a plaster cast on one leg or a sling on one arm, and sometimes hobbled on crutches, then requested assistance in carrying something to his vehicle. Bundy was regarded as handsome and charismatic, traits he exploited to win the confidence of his victims and the people around him in his daily life.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=3–6}}{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=12}}<ref name="Time25crimes" /> "Ted lured females," Michaud wrote, "the way a lifeless silk flower can dupe a honey bee."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=14}} He would sometimes approach females pretending to be an authority figure or firefighter.{{sfn|Sullivan|2009|pp=101–102, 211}}

Once Bundy had victims near or inside his vehicle, he would overpower and bludgeon them, and then restrain them with handcuffs. He would then transport them to a pre-selected secondary site, often a considerable distance away, and rape them during [[ligature strangulation]].<ref name="timeline"/>{{sfn|Geberth|2015|p=991}}{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=12–13}} In the case of his Utah victims, the secondary site would be his apartment building.<ref name="timeline"/> Toward the end of his spree, in Florida, perhaps under the stress of being a fugitive, he regressed to indiscriminate attacks on sleeping women.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=12–13}} While he is often said to have been a torturer, and biographer Ann Rule in particular regarded him as a "sadistic sociopath" who took pleasure in human suffering,{{sfn|Rule|2009|p=xiv}} Bundy disputed these claims in one of his conversations with Michaud, insisting that he never deliberately tortured any of those he killed and that the murders had no sadistic focus on enjoyment derived from the infliction of pain and injury. To the contrary, he claimed that he went out of his way to mitigate his victims' physical torment.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|pp=83–84}} Though he also told Hagmaier that he would pose his victims to recreate detective magazine covers.<ref name="timeline"/>{{sfn|Geberth|2015|p=991}}

At secondary sites Bundy would remove and later burn the victim's clothing,{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=196}} or in at least one case (Cunningham's) deposit them in a [[Goodwill Industries]] collection bin.{{sfn|Keppel|2010|loc=Kindle location 7481}} He explained that the clothing removal was ritualistic, but also a practical matter, as it minimized the chance of leaving trace evidence at the crime scene that could implicate him.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=196}} A manufacturing error in fibers from his own clothing, ironically, provided a crucial incriminating link to the Leach killing.{{sfn|Rule|2009|p=279}} He often revisited his secondary crime scenes to engage in acts of necrophilia,{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=334}} and to groom or dress up the cadavers.{{sfn|Keppel|2010|loc=Kindle location 7583–91, 7655}} Some victims were found wearing articles of clothing they had never worn, or nail polish that family members had never seen.<ref name="Mystique" /> Bundy took Polaroid photos of many of his victims. "When you work hard to do something right," he told Hagmaier, "you don't want to forget it."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=334–335}} Consumption of large quantities of alcohol was an "essential component," he told both Keppel and Michaud; he needed to be "extremely drunk" while on the prowl{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=379}}{{sfn|Keppel|2010|loc=Kindle location 7046}} in order to "significantly diminish" his inhibitions and to "sedate" the "dominant personality" that he feared might prevent his inner "entity" from acting on his impulses.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|pp=76–77}}

All of Bundy's known victims were white females, most of middle-class backgrounds. Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25 and most were college students. He apparently never approached anyone he might have met before.{{sfn|Von Drehle|1995|pp=283–285}} In their last conversation before his execution, Bundy told Kloepfer he had purposely stayed away from her "when he felt the power of his sickness building in him."{{sfn|Kendall|1981|p=182}} Rule noted that most of the identified victims had long straight hair, parted in the middle—like Edwards, the woman who rejected him, and to whom he later became engaged and then rejected in return. Rule speculated that Bundy's animosity toward his first girlfriend triggered his protracted rampage and caused him to target victims who resembled her.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=431–432}} Bundy dismissed this hypothesis: "[T]hey ... just fit the general criteria of being young and attractive," he told Aynesworth. "Too many people have bought this crap that all the girls were similar ... [but] almost everything was dissimilar ... physically, they were almost all different."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=156}} He did concede that youth and beauty were "absolutely indispensable criteria" in his choice of victims.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=85}}

After Bundy's execution, Rule was surprised and troubled to hear from numerous "sensitive, intelligent, kind young women" who wrote or called to say they were deeply depressed because Bundy was dead. Many had corresponded with him, "each believing that she was his only one". Several said they suffered [[major depressive episode|nervous breakdown]]s when he died. "Even in death, Ted damaged women," Rule wrote. "To get well, they must realize that they were conned by the master con-man. They are grieving for a shadow man that never existed."{{sfn|Rule|2009|pp=612–613}}