Editing Tadeusz Kościuszko (section)

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[[File:Reinagle Tadeusz Kościuszko.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Portrait by [[Ramsay Richard Reinagle]], 1817]]
[[File:Kosciuszko Museum Solothurn (2).jpg|thumb|Kościuszko's last residence, in [[Solothurn]], Switzerland, where he died]]

Kościuszko arrived in [[Bayonne]], France, on 28 June 1798.<ref name="Herbst437"/> By that time, Talleyrand's plans had changed and no longer included him.<ref name="Herbst437"/> Kościuszko remained politically active in Polish émigré circles in France, and on 7 August 1799, he joined the Society of Polish Republicans (''Towarzystwo Republikanów Polskich'').<ref name="Herbst437"/> Kościuszko refused the offered command of [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]] being formed for service with France.<ref name="Herbst437"/> On 17 October and 6 November 1799, he met with [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]. He failed to reach an agreement with the French general, who regarded Kościuszko as a "fool" who "overestimated his influence" in Poland.{{#tag:ref|Letter from Napoleon to his Minister of Police, [[Joseph Fouché]], 1807.|group="note"}}<ref name="Herbst438">[[#Herbst|Herbst, 1969]], p. 438.</ref> Kościuszko disliked Napoleon for his dictatorial aspirations and called him the "undertaker of the [French] Republic".<ref name="Herbst437"/> In 1807, Kościuszko settled in château de Berville, near [[La Genevraye]], distancing himself from politics.<ref name="Herbst437"/>

Kościuszko did not believe that Napoleon would restore Poland in any durable form.<ref name="Davies2005–216–217">[[#Davies|Davies, 2005]], pp. 216–17.</ref>  When Napoleon's forces approached the borders of Poland, Kościuszko wrote him a letter, demanding guarantees of [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] and substantial national borders, which Napoleon ignored.<ref name="Herbst438"/> Kościuszko concluded that Napoleon had created the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in 1807 only as an expedient, not because he supported Polish sovereignty.<ref name="Davies2005–218">[[#Davies|Davies, 2005]], p. 208.</ref> Consequently, Kościuszko did not move to the Duchy of Warsaw or join the new [[Army of the Duchy of Warsaw|Army of the Duchy]], allied with Napoleon.<ref name="Herbst438"/>

After the fall of Napoleon, he met with Russia's Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], in Paris and then in [[Braunau am Inn]].<ref name="Herbst438"/> The Tsar hoped that Kościuszko could be convinced to return to Poland, where the Tsar planned to create a new, Russian-allied Polish state (the [[Congress Poland|Congress Kingdom]]). In return for his prospective services, Kościuszko demanded social reforms and restoration of territory, which he wished would reach the [[Daugava|Dvina]] and [[Dnieper|Dnieper Rivers]] in the east.<ref name="Herbst438"/> However, soon afterwards, in [[Vienna]], Kościuszko learned that the [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] to be created by the Tsar would be even smaller than the earlier Duchy of Warsaw. Kościuszko called such an entity "a joke".<ref name="nonpossumus">[[#Feliks|Feliks]], on line essay.</ref>

On 2 April 1817, Kościuszko emancipated the peasants in his remaining lands in Poland,<ref name="Herbst438"/> but Tsar Alexander disallowed this.<ref name=lq>[[#Cizauskas|Cizauskas, 1986]], journal.</ref> Suffering from poor health and old wounds, Kościuszko died in [[Solothurn]] at age 71 after falling from a horse, developing a fever, and suffering a [[stroke]] a few days later on 15 October 1817.<ref>[[#Storozynski2011|Storozynski, 2011]], pp. 380–81.</ref>