Editing Stonewall riots (section)

==Aftermath==

The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front of [[Independence Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]], called the [[Annual Reminder]]. Organizers [[Craig Rodwell]], [[Frank Kameny]], [[Randy Wicker]], [[Barbara Gittings]], and [[Kay Lahusen]], who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.{{sfn|Marcus|2002|pp=105–107}} This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, "None of that! None of that!" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.{{sfn|Carter|2004|pp=216–217}}{{sfn|Duberman|1993|p=210}} Participant [[Lilli Vincenz]] remembered, "It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered."{{sfn|Carter|2004|pp=216–217}} Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day.{{sfn|Duberman|1993|p=211}}

===Gay Liberation Front===
[[File:Demonstration, with Gay Liberation Front Banner, c1972 (7374381322).jpg|thumb|Gay rights demonstration in [[Trafalgar Square]], London, including members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). The GLF in the UK held its first meeting in a basement classroom at the [[London School of Economics]] on October 13, 1970. The organization was very informal, instituting marches and other activities, leading to the first British Gay Pride March in 1972.]]Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, "The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World."{{sfn|LaFrank|1999|p=17}}{{refn|group=note|"Hairpin drop" was [[gay slang]] that meant to drop hints about one's sexual orientation.{{sfn|LaFrank|1999|p=17}}}} When a Mattachine officer suggested an "amicable and sweet" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, "Sweet! ''Bullshit!'' That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play."{{sfn|Teal|1971|p=19}} With a flyer announcing: "Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!",{{sfn|Teal|1971|p=19}} the [[Gay Liberation Front]] (GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to use ''gay'' in its name. Previous organizations such as the [[Mattachine Society]], the [[Daughters of Bilitis]] (DOB), and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names.{{sfn|Clendinen|1999|p=31}}

The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, "I'm gay. That's why I'm here."{{sfn|Marcus|2002|p=136}} The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|antiwar]] demonstrators with the ideal that they "could work to restructure American society".{{sfn|Duberman|1993|p=216}} They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to the [[New York Women's House of Detention|Women's House of Detention]] in support of [[Afeni Shakur]] and other radical [[New Left]] causes. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure.{{sfn|Carter|2004|pp=220–221}}

===Gay Activists Alliance===
Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper called ''Gay''; they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—''The Village Voice''—refused to print the word ''gay'' in GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.{{sfn|Clendinen|1999|p=40}} Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period: ''Come Out!'' and ''Gay Power''; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000.{{sfn|Carter|2004|p=242}}{{sfn|Duberman|1993|p=235}}

GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall of [[capitalism]].{{sfn|Carter|2004|p=220}} In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed the [[Gay Activists Alliance]] (GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, "We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings."{{sfn|Clendinen|1999|pp=50–51}} The GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called a [[Zap (action)|zap]]: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience.{{sfn|Carter|2004|pp=245–246}}

Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them was [[Diego Viñales]], an Argentinian national so frightened that he might be [[deported]] as a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a {{convert|14|in|cm|adj=on}} spike fence.{{sfn|Carter|2004|pp=238–239}} The ''New York Daily News'' printed a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.{{sfn|Carter|2004|p=242}} They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich Village [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and congressman [[Ed Koch]] sent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city.{{sfn|Teal|1971|pp=106–108}}

The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business.{{sfn|Carter|2004|p=252}}

===Gay Pride===
{{main|NYC Pride March#Origins}}
[[File:Gay and Proud (1970).webm|thumb|thumbtime=50|''Gay and Proud'', a 1970 film by [[Lilli Vincenz]] documenting the first Christopher Street Liberation Day]]
Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles and Chicago, these were the first [[Pride parade|Gay Pride marches]] in US history.{{sfn|Duberman|1993|pp=278–279}}<ref>De la Croix, Sukie (2007). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729073555/http://www.chicagofreepress.com/node/1945 "Gay power: A History of Chicago Pride"]}} ''Chicago Free Press''. Retrieved June 1, 2009.</ref> The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Milwaukee]], London, Paris, [[West Berlin]] and [[Stockholm]].{{sfn|LaFrank|1999|p=20}} The [[NYC Pride March|march in New York]] covered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street to [[Central Park]]. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.{{sfn|Clendinen|1999|pp=62–64}} ''The New York Times'' reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.<ref name="fosburgh">Fosburgh, Lacey (June 29, 1970). [https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/29/archives/thousands-of-homosexuals-hold-a-protest-rally-in-central-park.html "Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park"]. ''The New York Times'', p. 1.</ref> Reporting by ''The Village Voice'' was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago".{{sfn|LaFrank|1999|p=20}}

{{Quote box |width=30em | align=right |qalign=left |quote=There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign "I am a Lesbian" walked by.|salign=right|source=—''The New York Times'' coverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970<ref name="fosburgh"/>}}

By 1972, the participating cities included [[Atlanta]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], Detroit, Washington, D.C., Miami, [[Minneapolis]], and Philadelphia,<ref name="Armstrong"/> as well as San Francisco.

Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.{{sfn|Cain|2007|pp=91–92}} Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."{{sfn|Carter|2004|p=251}}

Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life".{{sfn|Clendinen|1999|p=25}} The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals".{{sfn|Clendinen|1999|p=25}} Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement{{nbsp}}... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."{{sfn|LaFrank|1999|p=21}} David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=David |title=What made Stonewall Different |journal=The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |pages=11–13 |url=http://www.glreview.org/article/article-509/}}</ref>

=== Trans organizations ===
According to [[Susan Stryker]]'s book, ''Transgender History'', the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism. [[Sylvia Rivera]] and [[Marsha P. Johnson]] established the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of "houses", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Transgender History |publisher=Seal Press. |year=2021 |isbn=9781580056892 |pages=109–111}}</ref>

Besides STAR, organizations such as [[Transvestites and Transsexuals]] (TAT) and [[Queens Liberation Front|Queens' Liberation Front]] (QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility.<ref name=":0" />