Editing Spirituality (section)

===Abrahamic faiths===

====Judaism====
Spirituality in [[Judaism]] ({{langx|he|רוחניות|ruhniyut}})<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lam|first=Label|url=https://torah.org/torah-portion/dvartorah-5783-shlach/|title=The Utmost Importance: Parshas Shlach|date=2023-06-16|website=Torah.org|access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref> may involve practices of [[Jewish ethics]], [[Jewish prayer]], [[Jewish meditation]], [[Shabbat]] and [[Jewish holidays|holiday]] observance, [[Torah study]], [[Kashrut|dietary laws]], [[Repentance in Judaism|teshuvah]], and other practices.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Green |first=Arthur|title=Jewish Spirituality|volume=1, 2}}</ref>{{sfn|Sonsino|2002|p={{page needed|date=January 2022}}}}<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=What Are Jewish Spiritual Practices?|website=Institute for Jewish Spirituality|url=https://www.jewishspirituality.org/about/what-are-jewish-spiritual-practices/|access-date=2021-11-25|archive-date=2021-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622084559/https://www.jewishspirituality.org/about/what-are-jewish-spiritual-practices/|url-status=live}}</ref> It may involve practices ordained by [[halakha]]h or other practices.<ref name=":1" />

[[Kabbalah]] (literally "receiving") is an [[esoteric]] method, discipline and school of thought of Judaism. Kabbalah is a set of esoteric teachings meant to explain the relationship between an unchanging, eternal and mysterious [[Ein Sof]] (no end) and the mortal and finite universe (his creation). Interpretations of Kabbalistic spirituality are found within [[Hasidic Judaism]], a branch of [[Orthodox Judaism]] founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel [[Baal Shem Tov]]. Hasidism often emphasizes the [[Divine immanence|Immanent]] Divine presence and focuses on emotion, [[devekut|fervour]], and the figure of the [[Tzadik]]. This movement included an elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine [[Panentheism]].<ref>{{Cite book|author1-link=David Biale|last1=Biale|first1=David|title=Hasidism: A New History|last2=Assaf|first2=David|last3=Brown|first3=Benjamin|last4=Gellman|first4=Uriel |last5=Heilman |first5=Samuel|last6=Rosman|first6=Moshe|last7=Sagiv|first7=Gadi|last8=Wodziński|first8=Marcin|date=2020-04-14|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20244-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0j63DwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Garb|first=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrjwDwAAQBAJ|title=A History of Kabbalah: From the Early Modern Period to the Present Day|date=2020-07-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-88297-2}}</ref>

The [[Musar movement]] is a Jewish spiritual movement that has focused on developing character traits such as [[faith]], [[humility]], and [[Jewish theology of love|love]].  The Musar movement, first founded in the 19th century by [[Israel Salanter]] and developed in the 21st century by [[Alan Morinis]] and [[Ira F. Stone]], has encouraged spiritual practices of Jewish meditation, Jewish prayer, [[Jewish ethics]], [[tzedakah]], teshuvah, and the study of [[Musar literature|musar (ethical) literature]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Claussen|first=Geoffrey|date=2012|title=The Practice of Musar|journal=Conservative Judaism|volume=63|issue=2|pages=3–26|doi=10.1353/coj.2012.0002|s2cid=161479970|url=https://www.academia.edu/1502958|access-date=2019-05-20|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024132900/https://www.academia.edu/1502958|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Reform Judaism]] and [[Conservative Judaism]] have often emphasized the spirituality of [[Jewish ethics]] and [[tikkun olam]],{{sfn|Dorff|2018|p=49}}{{sfn|Kaplan|2018|p={{page needed|date=January 2022}}}} [[Jewish feminism|feminist spirituality]],{{sfn|Dorff|2018|pp=49, 151}}{{sfn|Kaplan|2013|p=53}} Jewish prayer,{{sfn|Dorff|2018|p=69–70}}{{sfn|Sonsino|2002|pp=72–92}} Torah study,{{sfn|Dorff|2018|p=91}}{{sfn|Sonsino|2002|pp=56–59}} ritual,{{sfn|Kaplan|2013|p=50}}{{sfn|Sonsino|2002|pp=112–129}} and musar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Claussen|first=Geoffrey|title=The American Jewish Revival of Musar|url=https://www.academia.edu/1138592|journal=The Hedgehog Review|date=January 2010|access-date=2021-11-23|archive-date=2022-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012063815/https://www.academia.edu/1138592|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Christianity====
{{Main|Catholic spirituality|Christian mysticism}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Risen Christ appears to Mary.jpg|thumb|Union with Christ is the purpose of Christian mysticism.]]
Christian spirituality is the spiritual practice of living out a personal faith. [[Pope Francis]] offers several ways in which the calling of Christian spirituality can be considered:
*"Christian spirituality proposes an alternative understanding of the [[quality of life]], and encourages a prophetic and contemplative lifestyle, one capable of deep enjoyment free of the obsession with consumption";
*"Christian spirituality proposes a growth marked by moderation and the capacity to be [[contentment|happy]] with little."<ref name=ls>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], published 24 May 2015, accessed 20 May 2024</ref>{{rp|Paragraph 222}}
*[[Work (human activity)|Work]], with an understanding of its meaning, and relaxation are both important dimensions of Christian spirituality.<ref name=ls />{{rp|Paragraph 237}}

The terminology of the [[Catholic Church]] refers to an [[Faith in Christianity#Roman Catholicism|act of faith]] (''fides qua creditur'') following the acceptance of [[Credo|faith]] (''fides quae creditur''). Although all Catholics are expected to pray together at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], there are many different forms of spirituality and private prayer which have developed over the centuries. Each of the major [[religious order (Catholic)|religious order]]s of the Catholic Church and other [[laity|lay]] groupings have their own unique spirituality&nbsp;– its own way of approaching God in prayer and in living out the [[Gospel]].

Christian mysticism refers to the development of [[mysticism|mystical practices and theory]] within [[Christianity]]. It has often been connected to [[mystical theology]], especially in the Catholic and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] traditions. The attributes and means by which Christian mysticism is studied and practiced are varied and range from [[Religious ecstasy|ecstatic]] visions of the soul's [[Bridal theology|mystical union with God]] to simple prayerful [[contemplation]] of Holy Scripture (i.e., ''[[Lectio Divina]]'').

[[Progressive Christianity]] is a contemporary movement which seeks to remove the supernatural claims of the faith and replace them with a post-critical understanding of biblical spirituality based on historical and scientific research. It focuses on the lived experience of spirituality over historical dogmatic claims, and accepts that the faith is both true and a human construction, and that spiritual experiences are psychologically and neurally real and useful.

====Islam====
An inner spiritual struggle and an outer physical struggle are two commonly accepted meanings of the Arabic word ''[[jihad]]'':{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=87}} The "greater jihad" is the inner struggle by a believer to fulfill his religious duties and fight against one's [[nafs|ego]].{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=87}}<ref group=web name=BBCjihad>{{cite web|title=Jihad|work=Religions|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml|access-date=20 February 2012|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006140845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> This non-violent meaning is stressed by both Muslim and non-Muslim authors.<ref>[http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html Jihad and the Islamic Law of War] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818180319/http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html |date=August 18, 2013 }}</ref><ref>Rudolph Peters, ''Islam and Colonialism. The doctrine of Jihad in Modern History'' (Mouton Publishers, 1979), p. 118</ref>

[[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]], an 11th-century Islamic scholar, referenced a statement by the [[Sahaba|companion of Muhammad]], [[Jabir ibn Abd-Allah]]:
{{blockquote|The Prophet ... returned from one of his battles, and thereupon told us, 'You have arrived with an excellent arrival, you have come from the Lesser Jihad to the Greater Jihad&nbsp;– the striving of a servant (of [[Allah]]) against his desires (holy war)."<ref group=web name=BBCjihad/><ref>[[Fayd al-Qadir]] vol. 4, p. 511</ref>{{refn|group=note|This reference gave rise to the distinguishing of two forms of jihad: "greater" and "lesser". Some Islamic scholars dispute the authenticity of this reference and consider the meaning of jihad as a holy war to be more important.<ref group=web name=BBCjihad/>}}}}

=====Sufism=====
{{Main|Sufism}}
The best known form of Islamic mystic spirituality is the [[Sufi]] tradition (famous through [[Rumi]] and [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]]) in which a [[Sheikh]] or ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' transmits spiritual discipline to students.<ref>
Azeemi, K.S., "Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation". Houston: Plato, 2005. ({{ISBN|0-9758875-4-8}}), p. xi</ref>

Sufism or {{transliteration|ar|DIN|taṣawwuf}} ({{langx|ar|تصوّف}}) is defined by its adherents as the inner, [[Islamic mysticism|mystical]] dimension of [[Islam]].<ref name="Godlas">Alan Godlas, University of Georgia, ''Sufism's Many Paths'', 2000, [http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html University of Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144645/http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html |date=2011-10-16 }}</ref><ref>Nuh Ha Mim Keller, "How would you respond to the claim that Sufism is Bid'a?", 1995. Fatwa accessible at: [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/sufism.htm Masud.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231121059/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/sufism.htm |date=2008-12-31 }}</ref><ref>Zubair Fattani, "The meaning of Tasawwuf", Islamic Academy. [http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/Tasawwuf.htm Islamicacademy.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828093853/http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/Tasawwuf.htm |date=2008-08-28 }}</ref> A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣūfī}}'' ({{lang|fa|صُوفِيّ}}). Sufis believe they are practicing [[ihsan]] (perfection of worship) as revealed by [[Gabriel]] to [[Muhammad]],
{{blockquote|Worship and serve [[Allah]] as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you.}}

Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. They are strong adherents to the principal of tolerance, peace and against any form of violence. The Sufi have suffered severe persecution by more rigid and fundamentalist groups such as the [[Wahhabi]] and [[Salafi movement]]. In 1843 the [[Senussi]] Sufi were forced to flee Mecca and Medina and head to Sudan and Libya.<ref name="FirstDynasty">{{cite book| last= Hawting| first= Gerald R.| author-link=G. R. Hawting | title= The first dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
| publisher= [[Routledge]]| year= 2000| isbn= 978-0-415-24073-4}} See Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&q=Umayyad+Caliphate+661+750 book search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424141131/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&q=Umayyad%20Caliphate%20661%20750 |date=2023-04-24 }}.</ref>

Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God".<ref>Ahmed Zarruq, Zaineb Istrabadi, Hamza Yusuf Hanson&nbsp;– "The Principles of Sufism". Amal Press. 2008.</ref> Alternatively, in the words of the [[Darqawa|Darqawi]] Sufi teacher [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]], "a science through which one can know how to travel into the [[Divine presence|presence of the Divine]], purify one's inner self from filth, and beautify it with a variety of praiseworthy traits".<ref>An English translation of [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]]'s biography has been published by Fons Vitae.</ref>