Editing Speciation (section)

== Artificial speciation ==
[[File:Indian Bison (Gaur) 1 by N. A. Naseer.jpg|thumb|[[Gaur]] (Indian bison) can interbreed with domestic [[cattle]].]]
[[File:Drosophila pseudoobscura-Male.png|thumb|Male ''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura]]'']]
{{see also|Laboratory experiments of speciation}}

New species have been created by [[animal husbandry]], but the dates and methods of the initiation of such species are not clear. Often, the domestic counterpart can still interbreed and produce fertile offspring with its wild ancestor. This is the case with domestic [[cattle]], which can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild [[ox]], [[gaur]], and [[yak]]; and with domestic [[sheep]] that can interbreed with the [[mouflon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nowak|1999}}</ref><ref name="pmid12028771">{{cite journal |last1=Hiendleder |first1=Stefan |last2=Kaupe |first2=Bernhard |last3=Wassmuth |first3=Rudolf |last4=Janke |first4=Axel |display-authors=3 |date=May 7, 2002 |title=Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=269 |issue=1494 |pages=893–904 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.1975 |pmc=1690972 |pmid=12028771}}</ref>

The best-documented creations of new species in the laboratory were performed in the late 1980s. William R. Rice and George W. Salt bred ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' [[Drosophilidae|fruit flies]] using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry. Each generation was placed into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups. After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rice |first1=William R. |last2=Salt |first2=George W. |date=June 1988 |title=Speciation Via Disruptive Selection on Habitat Preference: Experimental Evidence |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=911–917 |doi=10.1086/284831|bibcode=1988ANat..131..911R |s2cid=84876223 }}</ref> The history of such attempts is described by Rice and Elen E. Hostert (1993).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rice |first1=William R. |last2=Hostert |first2=Ellen E. |date=December 1993 |title=Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years? |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1637–1653 |doi=10.2307/2410209 |jstor=2410209 |pmid=28568007}}</ref><ref name="pmid14628909">{{cite journal |last=Gavrilets |first=Sergey |author-link1= Sergey Gavrilets |date=October 2003 |title=Perspective: Models of Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years? |journal=Evolution | volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=2197–2215 |doi=10.1554/02-727 |pmid=14628909|s2cid=198158082 }}</ref>
Diane Dodd used a laboratory experiment to show how reproductive isolation can develop in ''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura]]'' fruit flies after several generations by placing them in different media, starch- and maltose-based media.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dodd |first=Diane M. B. |date=September 1989 |title=Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |journal=Evolution |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1308–1311 |doi=10.2307/2409365 |pmid=28564510 |jstor=2409365}}</ref>

[[File:Drosophila speciation experiment.svg]]

Dodd's experiment has been replicated many times, including with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=Mark |last2=Ravigné |first2=Virginie |date=March 2002 |title=Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=159 |issue=S3 |pages=S22–S35 |doi=10.1086/338370 |issn=0003-0147 |pmid=18707367|bibcode=2002ANat..159S..22K |s2cid=16516804 }}</ref> Such rapid evolution of reproductive isolation may sometimes be a relic of infection by ''[[Wolbachia]]'' bacteria.<ref name="pmid16568634">{{cite journal |last1=Koukou |first1=Katerina |last2=Pavlikaki |first2=Haris |last3=Kilias |first3=George |last4=Werren |first4=John H. |last5=Bourtzis |first5=Kostas |last6=Alahiotis |first6=Stamatis N. |display-authors=3 |date=January 2006 |title=Influence of Antibiotic Treatment and ''Wolbachia'' Curing on Sexual Isolation Among ''Drosophila melanogaster'' Cage Populations |journal=Evolution |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1554/05-374.1 |pmid=16568634|s2cid=198153238 }}</ref>

An alternative explanation is that these observations are consistent with sexually-reproducing animals being inherently reluctant to mate with individuals whose appearance or behavior is different from the norm. The risk that such deviations are due to [[mutation|heritable maladaptations]] is high. Thus, if an animal, unable to predict natural selection's future direction, is conditioned to produce the fittest offspring possible, it will avoid mates with unusual habits or features.<ref>{{harvnb|Symons|1979}}</ref><ref name="Langlois & Roggman, 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Langlois |first1=Judith H. |last2=Roggman |first2=Lori A. |date=March 1990 |title=Attractive Faces Are Only Average |journal=[[Psychological Science (journal)|Psychological Science]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=115–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00079.x|s2cid=18557871 }}</ref><ref name="Koeslag, 1990"/><ref name="Koeslag, 1995"/><ref name="Unnikrishnan"/> Sexual creatures then inevitably group themselves into reproductively isolated species.<ref name="Koeslag, 1995"/>