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===Software engineering degree programs=== Half of all practitioners today have [[academic degree|degree]]s in [[computer science]], [[information systems]], or [[information technology]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, the [[Department of Computing, Imperial College London|Department of Computing]] at [[Imperial College London]] introduced the first three-year software engineering [[bachelor's degree]] in the world; in the following year, the [[University of Sheffield]] established a similar program.<ref>Cowling, A. J. 1999. The first decade of an undergraduate degree program in software engineering. Ann. Softw. Eng. 6, 1–4 (Apr. 1999), 61–90.</ref> In 1996, the [[Rochester Institute of Technology]] established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtain [[ABET]] accreditation until 2003, the same year as [[Rice University]], [[Clarkson University]], [[Milwaukee School of Engineering]], and [[Mississippi State University]].<ref name="ABETACCRED1">{{cite web|url=http://www.abet.org/accrediteac.asp|title=ABET Accredited Engineering Programs|date=April 3, 2007|access-date=April 3, 2007|archive-date=June 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233414/http://abet.org/accrediteac.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees, [[SE2004]], was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] and the [[IEEE Computer Society]]. {{As of|2004}}, about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering [[master's degree]] was established at [[Seattle University]] in 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the [[Canadian Council of Professional Engineers]] has recognized several software engineering programs. In 1998, the US [[Naval Postgraduate School]] (NPS) established the first [[doctorate]] program in Software Engineering in the world.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through the Computer Science and Engineering Department at [[California State University, Fullerton]]. [[Steve McConnell]] opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers.<ref>McConnell, Steve (July 10, 2003). ''Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules, Higher Quality Products, More Successful Projects, Enhanced Careers''. {{ISBN|978-0-321-19367-4}}.</ref> [[École de technologie supérieure|ETS]] (École de technologie supérieure) University and [[UQAM]] (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge ([[SWEBOK]]), which has become an ISO standard describing the body of knowledge covered by a software engineer.<ref name=swebokVol3/>
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