Editing Society (section)

==== Horticultural ====
{{Further|Horticulture|Subsistence pattern}}
Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots, that have been cleared from the jungle or forest, provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a similar level of technology and complexity to pastoral societies.<ref name="Bulliet">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/earthitspeoplesg0000unse_v2p3/mode/2up |first1=Richard W. |last1=Bulliet |author-link=Richard Bulliet |first2=Pamela Kyle |last2=Crossley |author2-link=Pamela Kyle Crossley |first3=Daniel R. |last3=Headrick |author3-link=Daniel R. Headrick |first4=Steven W. |last4=Hirsch |first5=Lyman L. |last5=Johnson |first6=David |last6=Northrup |year=2015 |title=The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History |page=14 |edition=6th |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-44563-2 |lccn=2014932005 |oclc=891574574 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Along with pastoral societies, horticultural societies emerged about 10,000 years ago, after technological changes of the [[Neolithic Revolution|Agricultural Revolution]] made it possible to cultivate crops and raise animals.<ref name="Bulliet"/> Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a long period of time. This allows them to build permanent or semi-permanent villages.{{sfn|Lenski|Lenski|1974|p=165}}

As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, [[shamans]] (religious leaders), and traders.{{sfn|Lenski|Lenski|1974|p=165}} This role specialization allows horticultural societies to create a variety of artifacts. Scarce, defensible resources can lead to wealth inequalities in horticultural political systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/7607/1/7607.pdf|title=Domestication Alone Does Not Lead to Inequality: Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Horticulturalists|first1=Michael|last1=Gurven|first2=Monique|last2=Borgerhoff Mulder|first3=Paul L.|last3=Hooper|first4=Hillard|last4=Kaplan|first5=Robert|last5=Quinlan|first6=Rebecca|last6=Sear|first7=Eric|last7=Schniter|first8=Christopher|last8=von Rueden|first9=Samuel|last9=Bowles|first10=Tom|last10=Hertz|first11=Adrian|last11=Bell|date=19 February 2010|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=51|issue=1|pages=49–64|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1086/648587|s2cid=12364888|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701161903/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/7607/1/7607.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>