Editing Sheffield (section)

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], Sheffield has a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the [[Pennines]] to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "[[rain shadow]]" across the area.<ref name="Met NE England">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |title=North East England: climate |publisher=Met Office |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223816/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged {{cvt|824.7|mm}} of rain per year; December was the wettest month with {{cvt|91.9|mm}} and July the driest with {{cvt|51.0|mm}}. July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of {{cvt|20.8|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was {{cvt|39.4|C}}, on 19 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/heatwave-uk-weather-forecast-today-met-office-b2126158.html |title=UK weather news – live: Thunderstorms sweep in after fire destroys homes on 40C day |date=19 July 2022 |website=The Independent |publisher=Met Office |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719205937/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/heatwave-uk-weather-forecast-today-met-office-b2126158.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The average minimum temperature in January and February was {{cvt|1.6|C}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcqzwt994 |title=Sheffield 1981–2010 averages |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Met Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162108/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcqzwt994 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between {{cvt|-10|and|-15|C}}, although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below {{cvt|-9.2|C}},<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 |title=1982 temperature |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185326/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th&nbsp;century may prevent temperatures below {{cvt|-10|C}} occurring.

The coldest temperature to be recorded was {{cvt|-8.2|C}} in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/ |title=2010 temperature |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120050250/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/ |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> (Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed at [[Sheffield Central Library]], has the temperature at {{cvt|-8.7|C}}, recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at [[Weston Park, Sheffield|Weston Park]], since records began in 1882, is {{cvt|-14.6|C}}, registered in February 1895.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coldest night in Sheffield's winter marked last month |url=https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/coldest-night-in-sheffield-s-winter-marked-last-month-1-7135746 |website=Sheffield Telegraph |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045516/https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/coldest-night-in-sheffield-s-winter-marked-last-month-1-7135746 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is {{cvt|-5.6|C}}, also recorded in February 1895.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} More recently, {{cvt|-4.4|C}} was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.<ref name="Met NE England"/>
{{Weather box
|location = Sheffield ([[Weston Park, Sheffield|Weston Park]])<br>[[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO ID]]: 99107; coordinates {{coord|53.38139|N|1.49137|W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Sheffield Cdl|format=dms}}; elevation: {{cvt|131|m|0}}; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 15.9
|Feb record high C = 18.2
|Mar record high C = 23.3
|Apr record high C = 26.4
|May record high C = 28.9
|Jun record high C = 30.7
|Jul record high C = 39.4
|Aug record high C = 34.3
|Sep record high C = 32.9
|Oct record high C = 25.7
|Nov record high C = 18.9
|Dec record high C = 17.6
|Jan high C = 7.0
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 13.1
|May high C = 16.4
|Jun high C = 19.2
|Jul high C = 21.4
|Aug high C = 20.8
|Sep high C = 17.9
|Oct high C = 13.7
|Nov high C = 9.8
|Dec high C = 7.3
|year high C = 13.7
|Jan mean C = 4.6
|Feb mean C = 4.9
|Mar mean C = 6.7
|Apr mean C = 9.2
|May mean C = 12.1
|Jun mean C = 15.0
|Jul mean C = 17.1
|Aug mean C = 16.7
|Sep mean C = 14.2
|Oct mean C = 10.7
|Nov mean C = 7.3
|Dec mean C = 5.0
|year mean C = 10.3
|Jan low C = 2.2
|Feb low C = 2.2
|Mar low C = 3.4
|Apr low C = 5.2
|May low C = 7.8
|Jun low C = 10.8
|Jul low C = 12.8
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 7.8
|Nov low C = 4.8
|Dec low C = 2.6
|year low C = 6.9
|Jan record low C = -13.3
|Feb record low C = -14.6
|Mar record low C = -9.4
|Apr record low C = -7.8
|May record low C = -0.7
|Jun record low C = 1.4
|Jul record low C = 3.5
|Aug record low C = 4.1
|Sep record low C = 1.7
|Oct record low C = -4.1
|Nov record low C = -7.2
|Dec record low C = -10.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 75.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 67.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 59.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 58.8
|May precipitation mm = 54.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 75.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 62.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 65.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 63.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 78.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 84.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 86.9
|year precipitation mm = 831.6
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 13.2
|Feb rain days = 11.5
|Mar rain days = 11.1
|Apr rain days = 10.1
|May rain days = 9.3
|Jun rain days = 9.5
|Jul rain days = 9.4
|Aug rain days = 10.0
|Sep rain days = 9.3
|Oct rain days = 12.7
|Nov rain days = 13.3
|Dec rain days = 13.7
|year rain days = 133.1
|Jan sun = 50.1
|Feb sun = 76.8
|Mar sun = 121.0
|Apr sun = 153.2
|May sun = 198.2
|Jun sun = 181.0
|Jul sun = 180.7
|Aug sun = 181.3
|Sep sun = 138.2
|Oct sun = 97.0
|Nov sun = 59.4
|Dec sun = 48.3
|year sun = 1485.2
| Jan uv = 0
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 2
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 5
| Jun uv = 6
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 5
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 0
|source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages">{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcqzwq04e |title=Sheffield 1991–2020 averages |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052951/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcqzwq04e |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |title=Sheffield extreme values |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202192334/http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=TXx&periodidselect=1981-2010&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&CMD=ZOOM_IN#bottom |title=Sheffield 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values |access-date=31 December 2017 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135950/https://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=TXx&periodidselect=1981-2010&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&CMD=ZOOM_IN#bottom |url-status=live }}</ref> WeatherAtlas<ref name="Weather-Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/sheffield-climate#uv_index |title=Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Sheffield, United Kingdom |access-date=23 September 2019 |publisher=Weather Atlas |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033251/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/sheffield-climate#uv_index |url-status=live }}</ref> and Meteo Climat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-2291-1882-2020.php |title=STATION SHEFFIELD |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Meteo Climat}}</ref>

}}

The Weston Park Weather station, established in 1882, is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom. It has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period, with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boon |first=Gaynor |title=Whatever the Weather Changing Climate Changing Cultures |url=http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/PDFs/climate_change.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/PDFs/climate_change.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Museums Sheffield |access-date=13 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> In collaboration with the [[Stockholm Environment Institute]], Sheffield developed a [[carbon footprint]] (based on 2004–05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361&nbsp;[[tonnes]] per year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010&nbsp;tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transport (25%), consumer (11%), private services (9%), public services (8%), food (8%) and capital investment (5%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/environment/climate-change |title=Sheffield's Carbon Footprint |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=16 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504162247/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/environment/climate-change |archive-date=4 May 2009}}</ref> Sheffield City Council has signed up to the [[10:10]] campaign.<ref name="planet">{{cite web |url=http://sheffieldismyplanet.co.uk/ |title=Sheffield Is My Planet |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715215152/http://sheffieldismyplanet.co.uk/ |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>