Editing Second Opium War (section)

===Three battles of Taku Forts===
[[File:CousinMontaubanCampaignOf1860.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao|Cousin-Montauban]] leading French forces during the 1860 campaign]]
[[File:Looting of the Yuan Ming Yuan by Anglo French forces in 1860.jpg|thumb|Looting of the [[Old Summer Palace]] by Anglo-French forces in 1860]]
[[File:oldsummerpalaceruin.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Xiyang Lou|"Western style" complex]] in the Old Summer Palace, burnt down by Anglo-French forces]]

On 20 May, the British were successful at the [[Battle of Taku Forts (1858)|First Battle of Taku Forts]], but the peace treaty returned the forts to the Qing army.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In June 1858, shortly after the Qing imperial court agreed to the disadvantageous treaties, hawkish ministers prevailed upon the Xianfeng Emperor to resist Western encroachment. On 2 June 1858, the Xianfeng Emperor ordered the Mongol general [[Sengge Rinchen]] to guard the [[Taku Forts]] (also romanized as Ta-ku Forts and also called Daku Forts) near Tianjin. Sengge Rinchen reinforced the forts with additional artillery pieces. He also brought 4,000 Mongol cavalry from [[Chahar (province)|Chahar]] and [[Suiyuan]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The [[Battle of Taku Forts (1859)|Second Battle of Taku Forts]] took place in June 1859. A British naval force with 2,200 troops and 21 ships, under the command of Admiral [[James Hope (Royal Navy officer)|Sir James Hope]], sailed north from Shanghai to Tianjin with newly appointed Anglo-French envoys for the embassies in Beijing. They sailed to the mouth of the [[Hai River]] guarded by the Taku Forts near Tianjin and demanded to continue inland to Beijing. Sengge Rinchen replied that the Anglo-French envoys might land up the coast at Beitang and proceed to Beijing but he refused to allow armed troops to accompany them to the Chinese capital. The Anglo-French forces insisted on landing at Taku instead of Beitang and escorting the diplomats to Beijing. On the night of 24 June 1859, a small group of British forces blew up the iron obstacles that the Chinese had placed in the [[Chaobai River|Baihe]] River. The next day, the British forces sought to forcibly sail into the river, and shelled the Taku Forts. Low tide and soft mud prevented their landing, however, and accurate fire from Sengge Rinchen's cannons sank four gunboats and severely damaged two others. American Commodore [[Josiah Tattnall III]], though under orders to maintain neutrality, declared "[[blood is thicker than water]]", and provided covering fire to protect the British convoy's retreat. The failure to take the Taku Forts was a blow to British prestige, and anti-foreign resistance reached a crescendo within the Qing imperial court.{{sfn|Hsü|2000|pp=212–213}}

Once the Indian Mutiny was finally quelled, [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], commander-in-chief in India, was free to amass troops and supplies for another offensive in China. A 'soldiers' general', Campbell's experience of casualties from disease in the First Opium War led him to provide the British forces with more than enough materiel and supplies, and casualties were light.<ref>Greenwood, ch. 12</ref>

The [[Battle of Taku Forts (1860)|Third Battle of Taku Forts]] took place in the summer of 1860. London once more dispatched Lord Elgin with an Anglo-French force of 11,000 British troops under General [[James Hope Grant]] and 6,700 French troops under General [[Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao|Cousin-Montauban]]. They pushed north with 173 ships from Hong Kong and captured the port cities of [[Yantai]] and [[Dalian]] to seal the Bohai Gulf. On 3 August they carried out a landing near [[Beitang, Tanggu District|Beitang]] (also romanized as "Pei-t'ang"), some {{convert|3|km|mi}} from the Taku Forts, which they captured after three weeks on 21 August.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Southern Chinese laborers served with the French and British forces. One observer reported that the "Chinese coolies", as he called them, "renegades though they were, served the British faithfully and cheerfully... At the assault of the Peiho Forts in 1860 they carried the French ladders to the ditch, and, standing in the water up to their necks, supported them with their hands to enable the storming party to cross. It was not usual to take them into action; they, however, bore the dangers of a distant fire with great composure, evincing a strong desire to close with their compatriots, and engage them in mortal combat with their bamboos."<ref>{{cite book|title=China: Being a Military Report on the North-eastern Portions of the Provinces of Chih-li and Shan-tung, Nanjing and Its Approaches, Canton and Its Approaches: Together with an Account of the Chinese Civil, Naval and Military Administrations, and a Narrative of the Wars Between Great Britain and China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA28|year=1884|publisher=Government Central Branch Press|page=28}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=century old source and conflict of interest|date=January 2022}}

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