Editing Samhain (section)

===Allhallowtide===
In 609, [[Pope Boniface IV]] endorsed 13 May as a holy day commemorating all Christian martyrs.<ref name="hutton364">Hutton, p. 364</ref> By 800, churches in Gaelic Ireland<ref name="farmer">Farmer, David. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Saints'' (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14</ref> and Anglo-Saxon [[Northumbria]] were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November, which became [[All Saints' Day]].<ref name=hutton364/><ref>Pseudo-Bede, ''Homiliae subdititiae''; John Hennig, 'The Meaning of All the Saints', ''Mediaeval Studies'' 10 (1948), 147–61.</ref><ref>"All Saints Day," ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 1997), 41–42; ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''eo.loc''.</ref> There had been much Gaelic influence on Northumbria and its church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edmonds |first1=Fiona |title=Gaelic Influence in the Northumbrian Kingdom: The Golden Age and the Viking Age |date=2019 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |pages=xv-xvii}}</ref> [[James George Frazer|James Frazer]] suggested this date was a Celtic idea (being the date of Samhain), while [[Ronald Hutton]] suggests it was a Germanic idea, writing that the Irish church commemorated all saints on 20 April. Some manuscripts of the Irish ''[[Martyrology of Tallaght]]'' and ''[[Óengus of Tallaght|Martyrology of Óengus]]'', which date to this time, have a commemoration of all saints "''of Europe''" on 20 April, but a commemoration of all saints of the world on 1 November.<ref name="butler">[[Alban Butler|Butler, Alban]]. ''Butler's Lives of the Saints, New Full Edition, Volume 11: November (Revised by Sarah Fawcett Thomas)''. Burns & Oates, 1997. pp. 1–2. Quote: "Some manuscripts of the ninth-century ''Félire'', or martyrology, of St Oengus the Culdee and the ''Martyrology of Tallaght'' (c. 800), which have a commemoration of the martyrs on 17 April, a feast of 'all the saints of the whole of Europe' on 20 April, and a feast of all saints of Africa on 23 December, also refer to a celebration of all the saints on 1 November".</ref> In 835, the [[Frankish Empire]] officially adopted 1 November as the date of All Saints' Day.<ref name=hutton364/> This may have been influenced by [[Alcuin]] of Northumbria, who was a member of [[Charlemagne]]'s court,<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=C |title=New Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2002 |isbn=0-7876-4004-2 |edition=Second |volume=1 |pages=242–243}}</ref> or it may have been promoted by the Irish clerics and scholars who were also members of the Frankish court.<ref name="Dales">Dales, Douglas (2013). ''Alcuin II: Theology and Thought''. James Clarke and Co. pp. 34, 39–40 {{ISBN|9780227900871}}</ref> The new date was eventually adopted by the rest of the Western Church, and in the 11th century, 2 November became established as [[All Souls' Day]]. This created the [[Triduum|three-day observance]] known as [[Allhallowtide]]: All Hallows' Eve (31 October), All Hallows' Day (1 November), and All Souls' Day (2 November).

It is suggested that many of the modern secular customs of All Hallows' Eve ([[Halloween]]) were influenced by the festival of Samhain.<ref>{{cite web |title= Christianity: All Hallows' Eve |year=2010 |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml |access-date=1 November 2011 |quote=It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions |publisher=Merriam-Webster |year=1999 |isbn=978-0877790440 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/408 408] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |access-date=31 October 2011 |quote=Halloween, ''also called'' All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.}}</ref> Other scholars argue that Samhain's influence has been exaggerated and that All Hallows' also influenced Samhain itself.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Hugh |last2=Foley |first2=Malcolm |title=Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0265-9 |pages=91–92}}</ref>

Most North American Halloween traditions were brought over by [[Irish diaspora|Irish]] and [[Scottish diaspora|Scottish]] immigrants in the 19th century.<ref name="Brunvand p749"/><ref>Santino, Jack. ''All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life''. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153</ref> Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th century.<ref name="Colavito, Jason 2007. pp.151">Colavito, Jason. ''Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre''. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152</ref>