Editing Salamander (section)

===Aposematism===
{{Further|Aposematism}}
[[File:Salamander-olympus.jpg|thumb|A [[fire salamander]]'s striking black and yellow pattern [[Aposematism|warns off predators]]]]

Skin secretions of the tiger salamander (''Ambystoma tigrinum'') fed to rats have been shown to produce aversion to the flavor, and the rats avoided the presentational medium when it was offered to them again.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mason, J. Russell |author2=Rabin, Michael D. |author3=Stevens, David A. |year=1982 |title=Conditioned taste aversions: skin secretions used for defense by tiger salamanders, ''Ambystoma tigrinum'' |journal=Copeia |volume=1982 |issue=3 |pages=667–671 |jstor=1444668 | doi = 10.2307/1444668 }}</ref> The fire salamander (''Salamandra salamandra'') has a ridge of large granular glands down its spine which are able to squirt a fine jet of toxic fluid at its attacker. By angling its body appropriately, it can accurately direct the spray for a distance of up to {{convert|80|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Brodie, Edmund D. Jr. |author2-link=Neal Smatresk |author2=Smatresk, Neal J. |year=1990 |title=The antipredator arsenal of fire salamanders: spraying of secretions from highly pressurized dorsal skin glands |journal=Herpetologica |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |jstor=3892595 }}</ref>

The [[Iberian ribbed newt]] (''Pleurodeles waltl'') has another method of deterring aggressors. Its skin exudes a poisonous, viscous fluid and at the same time, the newt rotates its sharply pointed ribs through an angle between 27 and 92°, and adopts an inflated posture. This action causes the ribs to puncture the body wall, each rib protruding through an orange wart arranged in a lateral row. This may provide an [[aposematic]] signal that makes the spines more visible. When the danger has passed, the ribs retract and the skin heals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Heiss, E. |author2=Natchev, N. |author3=Salaberger, D. |author4=Gumpenberger, M. |author5=Rabanser, A. |author6=Weisgram, J. |year=2010 |title=Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy: new insights on the function of the bizarre antipredator mechanism in the salamandrid ''Pleurodeles waltl'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=280 |issue=2 |pages=156–162 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00631.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>