Editing Sailing ship (section)

==Features==
Every sailing ship has a [[sail plan]] that is adapted to the purpose of the vessel and the ability of the crew; each has a [[hull (watercraft)|hull]], [[rigging]] and [[mast (sailing)|masts]] to hold up the [[sail]]s that use the [[wind]] to power the ship; the masts are supported by [[standing rigging]] and the sails are adjusted by [[running rigging]].

=== Hull ===
[[File:Warrior (1781), body plan.jpg|upright=1.25|right|thumb|Hull form lines, lengthwise and in cross-section from a 1781 plan]]
Hull shapes for sailing ships evolved from being relatively short and blunt to being longer and finer at the bow.<ref name=":0" />{{Obsolete source|reason=This source is a reprint (under a slightly different title) of a book published in 1926. A substantial amount of historical work on the subject has been done since then,|date=August 2022}} By the nineteenth century, ships were built with reference to a half model, made from wooden layers that were pinned together. Each layer could be scaled to the actual size of the vessel in order to lay out its hull structure, starting with the keel and leading to the ship's ribs. The ribs were pieced together from curved elements, called futtocks and tied in place until the installation of the planking. Typically, planking was caulked with a tar-impregnated yarn made from manila or hemp to make the planking watertight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penobscotmarinemuseum.org/pbho-1/ships-shipbuilding/designing-and-building-wooden-ship|title=Designing and Building a Wooden Ship|last=Staff|date=2012|website=Penobscot Marine Museum|access-date=2019-06-22}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Starting in the mid-19th century, iron was used first for the hull structure and later for its watertight sheathing.<ref name="clark">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/clippershiperaep00claruoft|title=The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews, 1843–1869|last=Clark|first=Arthur Hamilton|date=1912|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|language=en}}</ref>

=== Masts ===
[[File:Running_Rigging-Square-rigged_ship--Biddlecombe.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Diagram of rigging on a square-rigged ship.<ref name="Biddlecombe"/>]]
Until the mid-19th century all vessels' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a [[conifer]] tree. From the 16th century, vessels were often built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than could be made from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve the required height, the masts were built from up to four sections (also called masts), known in order of rising height above the decks as the lower, top, topgallant and royal masts.<ref name="poa2">{{cite book|title=The Price of Admiralty|last=Keegan|first=John|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-81416-4|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/n309 278]|author-link=John Keegan|url=https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg|url-access=registration}}</ref> Giving the lower sections sufficient thickness necessitated building them up from separate pieces of wood. Such a section was known as a ''made mast'', as opposed to sections formed from single pieces of timber, which were known as ''pole masts''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2mm7qxBeCMC&pg=PR14|title=A Treatise on Masting Ships and Mast Making: Explaining Their Principles and Practical Operations, the Mode of Forming and Combining Made-masts, Etc.|last=Fincham|first=John|date=1843|publisher=Whittaker|location=London|pages=216–30|language=en|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233147/https://books.google.com/books?id=t2mm7qxBeCMC&pg=PR14#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in the second half of the 19th century, masts were made of iron or steel.<ref name=":0" />

For ships with square sails the principal masts, given their standard names in [[Bow (ship)|bow]] to [[stern]] (front to back) order, are:

* ''Fore-mast'' – the mast nearest the bow, or the mast forward of the main-mast with sections: fore-mast lower, fore topmast, and fore topgallant mast<ref name="poa2" />
* ''Main-mast'' – the tallest mast, usually located near the center of the ship with sections: main-mast lower, main topmast, main topgallant mast, royal mast (sometimes)<ref name="poa2" />
* ''Mizzen-mast'' – the aft-most mast. Typically shorter than the fore-mast with sections: mizzen-mast lower, mizzen topmast, and mizzen topgallant mast.<ref>Harland, John. ''Seamanship in the Age of Sail,'' pp. 15, 19–22, 36–37, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992. {{ISBN|0-87021-955-3}}.</ref>

=== Sails ===
{{Main|Sail}}
[[File:FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.25|Different sail types.<ref>Clerc-Rampal, G. (1913) Mer : la Mer Dans la Nature, la Mer et l'Homme, Paris: Librairie Larousse, p. 213</ref>]]Each rig is configured in a ''sail plan'', appropriate to the size of the sailing craft. Both square-rigged and fore-and-aft rigged vessels have been built with a wide range of configurations for single and multiple masts.<ref name="Folkard">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_am8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|title=Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise|last=Folkard|first=Henry Coleman|date=2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486311340|series=Dover Maritime|pages=576|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233148/https://books.google.com/books?id=_am8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Types of sail that can be part of a sail plan can be broadly classed by how they are ''attached'' to the sailing craft:

* ''To a stay'' – Sails attached to stays, include [[jib]]s, which are attached to [[forestay]]s and [[staysail]]s, which are mounted on other stays (typically wire cable) that support other masts from the bow aft.
* ''To a mast'' – Fore-and-aft sails directly attached to the mast at the luff include [[Gaff rig|gaff-rigged]] quadrilateral and [[Bermuda rig|Bermuda]] triangular sails.
* ''To a spar'' – Sails attached to a spar include both [[square sail]]s and such fore-and-aft quadrilateral sails as [[lug rig]]s, [[Junk rig|junk]] and [[spritsail]]s and such triangular sails as the [[lateen]], and the [[Crab claw sail|crab claw]].

=== Rigging ===
[[File:Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Square sail edges and corners (top). Running rigging (bottom).]]
Sailing ships have ''standing rigging'' to support the masts and ''running rigging'' to raise the sails and control their ability to draw power from the wind. The running rigging has three main roles, to support the sail structure, to shape the sail and to adjust its angle to the wind. Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones.

==== Standing rigging ====
Sailing ships prior to the mid-19th century used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the ''lower mast'', ''top mast'', and ''topgallant mast''. This construction relied heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction had a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning started with the stays that were anchored in front each mast. Shrouds were tensioned by pairs of [[deadeye]]s, circular blocks that had the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allowed smaller line—''lanyard''—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. After the mid-19th century square-rigged vessels were equipped with iron wire standing rigging, which was superseded with steel wire in the late 19th century.<ref name="Wolfram">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nrXLkfLBGcC&pg=PA270|title=Historic Ship Models|last=zu Mondfeld|first=Wolfram|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=9781402721861|pages=352|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233148/https://books.google.com/books?id=5nrXLkfLBGcC&pg=PA270#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|MacGregor 1983|p=46}}

==== Running rigging ====
[[Halyard]]s, used to raise and lower the yards, are the primary supporting lines.<ref name="HowardDoane">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB4uFQuUlnEC&pg=PA63|title=Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising|last1=Howard|first1=Jim|last2=Doane|first2=Charles J.|date=2000|publisher=Sheridan House, Inc.|isbn=9781574090932|pages=468|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233149/https://books.google.com/books?id=NB4uFQuUlnEC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, square rigs have lines that lift the sail or the yard from which it is suspended that include: [[brail]]s, [[Clewlines and buntlines|buntlines]], lifts and leechlines. Bowlines and clew lines shape a square sail.<ref name="Biddlecombe" /> To adjust the angle of the sail to wind [[Brace (sailing)|braces]] are used to adjust the fore and aft angle of a [[Yard (sailing)|yard]] of a square sail, while [[Sheet (sailing)|sheets]] attach to the [[Parts of a sail#Corners|clews]] (bottom corners) of a sail to control the sail's angle to the wind. Sheets run aft, whereas [[Tack (square sail)|tacks]] are used to haul the clew of a square sail forward.<ref name="Biddlecombe" />