Editing SIDS (section)

==Prevention==
Several measures are effective in preventing SIDS, including changing the sleeping position to [[Supine position|supine]], breastfeeding, limiting soft bedding, immunizing the infant, and using pacifiers.<ref name=Moon2012/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/Pages/Preventing-SIDS.aspx | title = Reduce the Risk of SIDS & Suffocation - AAP general recommendations | year = 2017| publisher = [[Healthy Children]] | archive-url = https://archive.today/20091213034359/https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/Pages/Preventing-SIDS.aspx | archive-date = December 13, 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref> The use of electronic monitors is not useful as a preventative strategy.<ref name=Moon2012/> The effect that fans might have on the risk of SIDS has not been studied well enough to make any recommendation about them.<ref name=Moon2012/> Evidence regarding swaddling is unclear regarding SIDS.<ref name=Moon2012/> A 2016 review found tentative evidence that swaddling increases the risk of SIDS, especially among babies placed on their bellies or sides while sleeping.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pease AS, Fleming PJ, Hauck FR, Moon RY, Horne RS, L'Hoir MP, Ponsonby AL, Blair PS | display-authors = 6 | title = Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 137 | issue = 6 | pages = e20153275 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27244847 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-3275 | quote = Limited evidence suggested swaddling risk increased with infant age and was associated with a twofold risk for infants aged >6 months. | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Measures not shown to be useful include positioning devices and [[baby monitors]].<ref name=Moon2012/><ref name=NIH2014Pre/> In the United States, companies that sell the monitors do not have [[United States Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] approval for them as medical devices.<ref name="pmid28118463">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonafide CP, Jamison DT, Foglia EE | title = The Emerging Market of Smartphone-Integrated Infant Physiologic Monitors | journal = JAMA | volume = 317 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–354 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 28118463 | pmc = 5310844 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.19137 }}</ref>

===Sleep positioning===

[[File:back to sleep plot.png|thumb|upright=1.4|SIDS rate from 1988 to 2006 (U.S.)]]

Sleeping on the back has been found to reduce the risk of SIDS.<ref name=Mitch2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell EA | title = SIDS: past, present and future | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 98 | issue = 11 | pages = 1712–1719 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19807704 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01503.x | s2cid = 1566087 }}</ref> It is thus recommended by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] and promoted as a best practice by the US [[National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]] (NICHD) "[[Safe to Sleep]]" campaign. The incidence of SIDS has fallen in a number of countries in which this recommendation has been widely adopted.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell EA, Hutchison L, Stewart AW | title = The continuing decline in SIDS mortality | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 92 | issue = 7 | pages = 625–626 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17405855 | pmc = 2083749 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2007.116194 }}</ref> Sleeping on the back does not appear to increase the risk of choking, even in those with [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]].<ref name=Moon2012/> While infants in this position may sleep more lightly, this is not harmful.<ref name=Moon2012/> Sharing the same room as the parents but in a different bed may decrease the SIDS risk by half.<ref name=Moon2012/>

===Pacifiers===
The use of [[pacifier]]s appears to decrease the risk of SIDS,{{quantify|date=July 2022}} although the reason is unclear.<ref name=Moon2012/> The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] considers pacifier use to prevent SIDS to be reasonable.<ref name=Moon2012/> Pacifiers do not appear to affect breastfeeding in the first four months, even though this is a common misconception.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Jahanfar S, Angolkar M | title = Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 8 | pages = CD007202 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27572944 | pmc = 8520760 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4 }}</ref>

===Bedding===
Product safety experts advise against using pillows, overly soft mattresses, sleep positioners, bumper pads (crib bumpers), stuffed animals, or fluffy bedding in the crib, and recommend instead dressing the child warmly and keeping the crib "naked."<ref>{{cite web  |title=What Can Be Done?  |publisher=American SIDS Institute  |url=http://www.sids.org/nprevent.htm  |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621224728/http://www.sids.org/nprevent.htm  |archive-date=2003-06-21  }}</ref>

Due to the obvious dangers, experts have also warned that blankets or other clothing should not be placed over a baby's head.<ref name=AAP2016Guid>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moon RY, Darnall RA, Feldman-Winter L, Goodstein MH, Hauck FR | collaboration = Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | title = SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 138 | issue = 5 | pages = e20162938 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27940804 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2016-2938 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The use of a "[[Sleeping bag#Infant use|baby sleep bag]]" or "sleep sack", a soft bag with holes for the baby's arms and head, can be used as a type of bedding that warms the baby without covering its head.<ref name="aap_sacks">{{cite web |title=The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |access-date=2008-11-06 |url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245#SEC15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203234922/http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics%3B116/5/1245#SEC15 |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref>

===Vaccination===

Infants typically receive several vaccinations between the ages of 2 and 4 months, which is also the peak age for SIDS. Due to this coincidence, a number of studies have investigated the possible role of vaccinations as a cause of SIDS. These have found either no relation between vaccinations and SIDS, or a reduction of the risk of SIDS following vaccination.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Müller-Nordhorn J, Hettler-Chen CM, Keil T, Muckelbauer R | title = Association between sudden infant death syndrome and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunisation: an ecological study | journal = BMC Pediatrics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 1 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25626628 | pmc = 4326294 | doi = 10.1186/s12887-015-0318-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Clements M | title = Immunisation and the sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 73 | issue = 6 | pages = 498–501 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8546503 | pmc = 1511439 | doi = 10.1136/adc.73.6.498 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Platt MW, Tripp J, Smith IJ, Golding J | title = The UK accelerated immunisation programme and sudden unexpected death in infancy: case-control study | journal = BMJ | volume = 322 | issue = 7290 | pages = 822 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11290634 | pmc = 30557 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.322.7290.822 }}</ref><ref name="Do immunisations reduce the risk fo"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman HJ, Hunter JC, Damus K, Pakter J, Peterson DR, van Belle G, Hasselmeyer EG | title = Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death: results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Epidemiological Study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome risk factors | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 79 | issue = 4 | pages = 598–611 | date = April 1987 | pmid = 3493477 | doi = 10.1542/peds.79.4.598 | s2cid = 37163477 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carvajal A, Caro-Patón T, Martín de Diego I, Martín Arias LH, Alvarez Requejo A, Lobato A | title = [DTP vaccine and infant sudden death syndrome. Meta-analysis] | journal = Medicina Clinica | volume = 106 | issue = 17 | pages = 649–652 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8691909 }}</ref> A 2007 meta-analysis found that vaccinations were associated with a halving of the risk of SIDS, and argued that immunisation should be a part of SIDS prevention campaigns.<ref name="Do immunisations reduce the risk fo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vennemann MM, Höffgen M, Bajanowski T, Hense HW, Mitchell EA | title = Do immunisations reduce the risk for SIDS? A meta-analysis | journal = Vaccine | volume = 25 | issue = 26 | pages = 4875–4879 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17400342 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.077 }}</ref><ref name="CDCFAQ">{{cite web |title=Vaccine Safety: Common Concerns: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/sids.html |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417194809/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/sids.html |archive-date=17 April 2016 }}</ref>