Editing Rye (section)

=== Production of hybrids ===

[[File:Wheat, rye, triticale montage.jpg|thumb|Grains of [[wheat]], rye, and their hybrid, [[triticale]]. Triticale is significantly larger than wheat.]]

Plant breeders, starting in the 19th century in Germany and Scotland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Triticale |url=https://dhcrop.bsmrau.net/triticale-2/ |publisher=Digital Herbarium of Crop Plants Establishment of Digital Herbarium and Herbal museum for Crop plant by Department of Crop Botany, BSMRAU |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> but mainly from the 1950s, worked to develop a hybrid cereal with the best qualities of wheat and rye, now called [[triticale]]. Modern triticales are [[hexaploid]] with six sets of chromosomes; they are used to produce millions of tons of cereal annually.<ref name="Faccini-2023">{{cite journal |last1=Faccini |first1=Nadia |last2=Morcia |first2=Caterina |last3=Terzi |first3=Valeria |last4=Rizza |first4=Fulvia | last5=Badeck |first5=Franz-Werner |title=Triticale in Italy |journal=[[Biology (journal)|Biology]] |volume=12 |issue=10 |date=2023-10-04 |pmid=37887018 |pmc=10603945 |doi=10.3390/biology12101308 |doi-access=free |page=1308}}</ref>

[[Varieties of rye]] hold much genetic diversity,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Miguel |last2=Seabra |first2=Luís |last3=Ramos |first3=António |last4=Santos |first4=Sofia |last5=Pinto-Carnide |first5=Olinda |last6=Carvalho |first6=Carlos |last7=Igrejas |first7=Gilberto |date=April 1, 2012 |title=Polymorphism of the storage proteins in Portuguese rye (''Secale cereale'' L.) populations |journal=[[Hereditas]] |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=72–84 |doi=10.1111/j.1601-5223.2012.02239.x |issn=1601-5223 |pmid=22568702 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Eva |last2=Schmutzer |first2=Thomas |last3=Barilar |first3=Ivan |last4=Mascher |first4=Martin |last5=Gundlach |first5=Heidrun |last6=Martis |first6=Mihaela M. |last7=Twardziok |first7=Sven O. |last8=Hackauf |first8=Bernd |last9=Gordillo |first9=Andres |display-authors=5 |date=2017-03-01 |title=Towards a whole-genome sequence for rye (''Secale cereale'' L.) |journal=[[The Plant Journal]] |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=853–869 |doi=10.1111/tpj.13436 |issn=1365-313X |pmid=27888547 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Rabanus-Wallace-2021" >{{cite book |year=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |last1=Rabanus-Wallace |first1=M. |last2=Stein |first2=Nils |pages=85–100 |isbn=978-3-030-83383-1 |title=The Rye Genome }} which cites {{cite journal |issue=4 |publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] |year=2021 |last1=Li |first1=Guangwei |last2=Wang |first2=Lijian |last3=Yang |first3=Jianping |last4=He |first4=Hang |last5=Jin |first5=Huaibing |last6=Li |first6=Xuming |last7=Ren |first7=Tianheng |last8=Ren |first8=Zhenglong |display-authors=3 |pages=574–584 |volume=53 |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |issn=1061-4036 |s2cid=232298036 |doi=10.1038/s41588-021-00808-z |title=A high-quality genome assembly highlights rye genomic characteristics and agronomically important genes |pmid=33737755 |pmc=8035075 }}</ref> which can be used to improve other crops such as wheat. For example, the pollination abilities of wheat can be improved by the addition of the rye chromosome 4R; this increases the size of the wheat [[anther]] and the amount of pollen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Vy |last2=Fleury |first2=Delphine |last3=Timmins |first3=Andy |last4=Laga |first4=Hamid |last5=Hayden |first5=Matthew |last6=Mather |first6=Diane |last7=Okada |first7=Takashi |date=February 26, 2015 |title=Addition of rye chromosome 4R to wheat increases anther length and pollen grain number |journal=[[Theoretical and Applied Genetics]] |volume=128 |issue=5 |pages=953–964 |doi=10.1007/s00122-015-2482-4 |issn=0040-5752 |pmid=25716820 |s2cid=16421403}}</ref> The {{Vanchor|1R}} chromosome is the source of many [[crop disease resistance gene]]s.<ref name="Herrera-2017"/> Varieties such as Petkus, Insave, Amigo, and Imperial have donated 1R-originating resistance to wheat.<ref name="Herrera-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Herrera  |first1=Leonardo |last2=Gustavsson |first2=Larisa |last3=Åhman  |first3=Inger |year=2017 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |volume=154 |publisher=[[BioMed Central]] |issn=1601-5223 |journal=[[Hereditas]] |doi=10.1186/s41065-017-0033-5 |title=A systematic review of rye (''Secale cereale'' L.) as a source of resistance to pathogens and pests in wheat (''Triticum aestivum'' L.) |pmid=28559761 |pmc=5445327 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[AC Hazlet rye]] is a medium-sized winter rye with resistance to both [[lodging (agriculture)|lodging]] and [[shattering (agriculture)|shattering]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AC Hazlet |publisher=SeCAN |url=https://www.secan.com/en/data/files/_workspace/secan_searchvalues/R016/AC%20Hazlet%20July%202007%20Gene.pdf |accessdate=2014-11-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080402/https://www.secan.com/en/data/files/_workspace/secan_searchvalues/R016/AC%20Hazlet%20July%202007%20Gene.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Rye was the [[gene donor]] of ''[[Sr31 (gene)|Sr31]]'' – a [[stem rust resistance gene]] – introgressed into wheat.<ref name="Ellis-2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Jeffrey G. |last2=Lagudah |first2=Evans S. |last3=Spielmeyer |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Dodds |first4=Peter N. |title=The past, present and future of breeding rust resistant wheat |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=5 |date=2014-11-24 |page=641 |pmid=25505474 |pmc=4241819 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00641 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The characteristics of ''S. cereale'' have been combined with another perennial rye, ''[[Secale montanum|S. montanum]]'', to produce ''[[Secale cereanum|S. cereanum]]'', which has the beneficial characteristics of each. The hybrid rye can be grown in harsh environments and on poor soil. It provides improved forage with digestible fiber and protein.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sipos |first1=Tamás |last2=Halász |first2=Erika |date=April 25, 2007 |title=The role of perennial rye (''Secale cereale'' × ''S. montanum'') in sustainable agriculture |journal=Cereal Research Communications |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1073–1075 |doi=10.1556/CRC.35.2007.2.227}}</ref>