Editing Rwanda (section)

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Rwanda}}

[[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumb|right|Children in a Rwandan primary school, using laptops supplied by the [[One Laptop Per Child]] programme]]

Prior to 2012, the Rwandan government provided free education in state-run schools for nine years: six years in primary and three years following a common secondary programme.{{sfn|MINEDUC|2010|p=2}} In 2012, this started to be expanded to 12 years.{{sfn|Williams|Abbott|Mupenzi|2015|p=935}} A 2015 study suggests that while enrollment rates in primary schools are "near ubiquity", rates of completion are low and repetition rates high.{{sfn|Williams|Abbott|Mupenzi|2015|p=931}} While schooling is fee-free, there is an expectation that parents should contribute to the cost of their children's education by providing them with school supplies, supporting teacher development and making a contribution to school construction. According to the government, these costs should not be a basis for the exclusion of children from education, however.{{sfn|Williams|Abbott|Mupenzi|2015|p=935}} There are many private schools across the country, some church-run, which follow the same syllabus but charge fees.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=27}} From 1994 until 2009, secondary education was offered in either French or English; because of the country's increasing ties with the [[East African Community]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], only the English syllabi are now offered.{{sfn|McGreal|2009}} The country has a number of institutions of tertiary education. In 2013, the public [[University of Rwanda]] (UR) was created out of a merger of the former [[National University of Rwanda]] and the country's other public higher education institutions.{{sfn|Koenig|2014}}{{sfn|MacGregor|2014}}{{sfn|Rutayisire|2013}} In 2013, the [[gross enrollment ratio]] for tertiary education in Rwanda was 7.9%, from 3.6% in 2006.{{sfn|World Bank (III)}} The country's [[literacy]] rate, defined as those aged 15 or over who can read and write, was 78.8% in 2022, up from 71% in 2009, 58% in 1991, and 38% in 1978.{{sfn|World Bank (I)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Rwanda/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate|title=Rwanda adult literacy rate, 1960-2023|publisher=Knoema|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>