Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

== Mayoralty ==
{{Main|Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani}}
[[File:Bill Clinton and Rudy Giuliani.jpg|thumb|right|Rudy Giuliani with President [[Bill Clinton]] in 1993]]

Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.

=== Law enforcement ===
In Giuliani's first term as mayor, the [[New York City Police Department]]{{snd}}at the instigation of Commissioner [[Bill Bratton]]{{snd}}adopted an aggressive enforcement/deterrent strategy based on [[James Q. Wilson]]'s "[[broken windows theory|broken windows]]" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] possession, and [[aggressive panhandling]] by "[[Squeegee man|squeegee men]]", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Christopher M. |last1=Donner |chapter=Crime prevention |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390 |pages=390–395 |editor-first=Wilbur R. |editor-last=Miller |title=The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia |location=Thousand Oaks CA, New Delhi, London |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781412988780 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA393 |access-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172846/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390 |url-status=live }}</ref> The legal underpinning for removing the "squeegee men" from the streets was developed under Giuliani's predecessor, Mayor David Dinkins. Bratton, with Deputy Commissioner [[Jack Maple]], also created and instituted [[CompStat]], a computer-driven comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtech.com/magazines/gt/jack-maple-betting-on-intelligence.html |first=Raymond |last=Dussault |title=Jack Maple: Betting on Intelligence |date=August 12, 2010 |work=GovTech |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911120503/http://www.govtech.com/magazines/gt/Jack-Maple-Betting-on-Intelligence.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data. An extensive study found a high correlation between crime rates reported by the police through CompStat and rates of crime available from other sources, suggesting there had been no manipulation.<ref name="Langan-2004">{{cite web |first1=Patrick A. |last1=Langan |first2=Matthew R. |last2=Durose |publisher=[[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] |url=http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |title=The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City |date=October 21, 2004 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215053748/http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2009}}</ref> The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Compstat: A Crime Reduction Management Tool|url=https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/compstat-crime-reduction-management-tool|publisher=Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center|access-date=July 4, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100405/https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/compstat-crime-reduction-management-tool|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Giuliani crime rate.png|thumb|300px|left|National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm |title=Uniform Crime Reports |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |access-date=October 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024015252/https://www.fbi.gov//ucr/ucr.htm |archive-date=October 24, 2004 }} These data are from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports; most of the recent ones are online. Under the header, "Crime in the United States", click on a year, then use Table 6. Data from pre-1995 is from the same FBI publication, ''Crime in the United States'', in hardcover book.</ref>]]

During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped in New York City.<ref name="Langan-2004" /> The extent to which Giuliani deserves the credit is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Steven Levitt |last=Levitt |first=Steven D. |title=Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that do Not |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |year=2004 |volume=18 |pages=163–190 |doi=10.1257/089533004773563485 |doi-access=free  |issn = 0895-3309}}</ref> Crime rates in New York City had started to drop in 1991 under previous mayor [[David Dinkins]], three years before Giuliani took office.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Essays/IST0000120EssaysN19_2009.pdf |title=Towards a Safer Society: The Knowledge Contribution of Statistical Information |editor1=Linda Laura Sabbadini |editor2=Maria Giuseppina Muratore |editor3=Giovanna Tagliacozzo |publication-date=2009 |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-458-1640-6 |chapter=The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City |first1=Patrick A. |last1=Langan |first2=Matthew R. |last2=Durose |pages=131–174 |date=December 2003 |access-date=May 7, 2018 |quote=According to [[NYPD]] statistical analysis, crime in New York City took a downturn starting around 1990 that continued for many years, shattering all the city's old records for consecutive-year declines in crime rates. [See also Appendix: Tables 1–2.] |archive-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085422/https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Essays/IST0000120EssaysN19_2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mayorslifegovern0000dink |title=A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic |first1=David N. |last1=Dinkins |author-link=David Dinkins |first2=Peter |last2=Knobler |publisher=PublicAffairs Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-301-0 |access-date=May 24, 2017 |url-access=registration }}</ref> A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and some critics say he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in New York City crime during the 1990s were the addition of 7,000 officers to the NYPD, lobbied for and hired by the Dinkins administration, and an overall improvement in the national economy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Sam |title=As Police Force Adds to Ranks, Some Promises Still Unfulfilled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/nyregion/as-police-force-adds-to-ranks-some-promises-still-unfulfilled.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 7, 1994 |language=en |access-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124053324/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/nyregion/as-police-force-adds-to-ranks-some-promises-still-unfulfilled.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0011128799045002001 |url=http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/45/2/171 |title=Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217094819/http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/45/2/171 |archive-date=February 17, 2005 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |year=1999 |last1=Greene |first1=Judith A. |journal=Crime & Delinquency |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=171–187 |s2cid=145304955 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Because the crime index is based on that of the [[FBI]], which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories the FBI does not collect.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani |first=Wayne |last=Barrett |date=March 2001 |isbn=9780465005246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1okxo1yCuyQC |page=363 |publisher=Basic Books |access-date=May 23, 2023 |quote=The proportion of the decline in index assaults attributable to the two categories most susceptible to ambiguous classification–strong-arm and street–dovetails with the inexplicably disproportionate rise in non-index felony assault arrests. The only explanation for these simultaneous trends is an effort to artificially shift assaults out of index classifications and into categories no one in the media ever notices. |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622065757/https://books.google.com/books?id=1okxo1yCuyQC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sociologist [[Frank Zimring]], in his 2006 book ''The Great American Crime Decline'', claimed that "up to half of New York's crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing [[crime decline]] since 2000, has resulted from policing."<ref>{{cite book |last=Zimring |first=Franklin E. |title=The Great American Crime Decline (Studies in Crime and Public Policy) |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=November 3, 2006 |page=272 |isbn=978-0-19-518115-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U30EAQAAIAAJ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529141826/https://books.google.com/books?id=U30EAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bratton was featured on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960115,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717175615/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960115,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 17, 2006 |title=Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 15, 1996 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> Giuliani reportedly forced Bratton out after two years, in what was seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://nymag.com/news/features/62256/ |title=Repeat Defender |date=November 22, 2000 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |first=Jason |last=Zengerie |access-date=July 5, 2017 |quote=Bratton{{spaces}}... became embroiled in a battle of egos with Giuliani, and after just 27 months as police commissioner, the mayor forced him out. |archive-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051637/http://nymag.com/news/features/62256/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/08/giuliani-mends-fences-with-bratton/ |newspaper=The New York Times |department=The Caucus |date=March 8, 2007 |title=Giuliani Mends Fences With Bratton |first=Richard |last=Pérez-Peña |author-link=Richard Pérez-Peña |access-date=July 5, 2017 |quote=a pair of outsized talents and egos whose relationship crumbled;{{spaces}}... administration that prized unwavering loyalty to the mayor could not stomach Mr. Bratton's celebrity; Bratton left the job after just two years{{snd}}it was generally acknowledged that he was forced out |archive-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403052041/https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/08/giuliani-mends-fences-with-bratton/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bratton went on to become chief of the [[Los Angeles Police Department]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Pérez-Peña |author-link=Richard Pérez-Peña |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/us/politics/09rudy.html |title=Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=March 14, 2007 |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115104415/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/us/politics/09rudy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani's term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct under other commissioners after Bratton's departure. There were police shootings of unarmed suspects,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saxakali.com/CommunityLinkups/NYC%20Police%20Killings%201999.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830022741/http://saxakali.com/CommunityLinkups/NYC%20Police%20Killings%201999.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 30, 2000 |title=NYC Police Shootings 1999 |date=July 9, 2000 |publisher=saxakali.com |access-date=December 5, 2006}}</ref> and the scandals surrounding the torture of [[Abner Louima]] and the killings of [[Amadou Diallo]], [[Gidone Busch]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Andy |date=August 31, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/nyregion/disturbed-man-wielding-a-hammer-is-killed-by-police-in-brooklyn.html |title=Disturbed Man Wielding A Hammer Is Killed By Police In Brooklyn |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Many residents also demanded to know why Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani, who has enjoyed strong support in the city's Hasidic neighborhoods, did not go to Brooklyn last night to address their concerns. Their anger could pose a delicate political challenge for the Mayor, who has generally been a staunch defender of the Police Department |access-date=June 25, 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625104150/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/nyregion/disturbed-man-wielding-a-hammer-is-killed-by-police-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Patrick Dorismond]]. Giuliani supported the New York City Police Department, by releasing, for example, what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/US/03/18/nypd.protest/ |publisher=CNN |title=Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man |date=March 19, 2000 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627193331/http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/US/03/18/nypd.protest/ |archive-date=June 27, 2006 }}</ref>

=== City services ===
The Giuliani administration advocated the privatization of the city's public schools, which he called "dysfunctional", and the reduction of state funding for them. He advocated a [[school voucher|voucher]]-based system to promote private schooling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Rudy_Giuliani_Education.htm |title=Rudy Giuliani on Education |publisher=On The Issues |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=October 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029120651/http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Rudy_Giuliani_Education.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani supported protection for [[illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]]. He continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens should be able to take actions such as sending their children to school or reporting crimes to the police without fear of [[deportation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-05-immigrants-nyc_N.htm |title=Officials: Let illegal immigrants report crimes |work=[[USA Today]] |date=December 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210021156/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-05-immigrants-nyc_N.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2023 }}</ref>

During his mayoralty, gay and [[lesbian]] New Yorkers received [[domestic partner]]ship rights. Giuliani induced the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to pass legislation providing broad protection for [[same-sex partner]]s. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.salon.com/2004/02/27/giuliani_59/ |title=What will Rudy say to his gay friends? |date=February 26, 2004 |work=[[Salon.com]] |first=Eric |last=Boehlert |author-link=Eric Boehlert |via=isebrand.com |access-date=May 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502061244/http://www.isebrand.com/article_Rudy%27s_gay_friends.htm |archive-date=May 2, 2009}}</ref>

=== 2000 U.S. Senate campaign ===
{{Main|2000 United States Senate election in New York}}
[[File:Rudy Giuliani speaking.jpg|thumb|left|Giuliani campaigned for Senate in 2000 before withdrawing after being diagnosed with cancer]]

With [[term limits]], Giuliani was ineligible to run in 2001 for a third term as mayor. In November 1998, four-term incumbent Democratic [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] announced his retirement and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running in the 2000 election for the now-open seat. Because of his high profile and visibility, Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party. Giuliani's entrance led Democratic Congressman [[Charles Rangel]] and others to recruit then-[[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Hillary Clinton]] to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power.

In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. By January 2000, polling for the race showed Giuliani nine points ahead of Clinton, in part because his campaign was able to take advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/31/opinion/losing-the-women.html |title=Losing the Women |first=Lee M. |last=Miringoff |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 31, 2000 |access-date=September 27, 2007 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082349/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/31/opinion/losing-the-women.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2000, however, the [[New York Police Department]]'s fatal shooting of [[Patrick Dorismond]] inflamed Giuliani's strained relations with the city's minority communities,<ref name="Gerth-2007">{{cite book |last1=Gerth |first1=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Gerth |first2=Don Jr. |last2=Van Natta |author2-link=Don Van Natta Jr. |title=Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton |year=2007 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-316-01742-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/herwayhopesambit00gert |page=211 |access-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref> and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue.<ref name="Gerth-2007" /> By April 2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who said his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/08/nyregion/despite-polls-giuliani-says-that-he-won-t-alter-his-campaign-style.html |title=Despite Polls, Giuliani Says That He Won't Alter His Campaign Style |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 8, 2000 |access-date=September 27, 2007 |author-link=Adam Nagourney |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082413/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/08/nyregion/despite-polls-giuliani-says-that-he-won-t-alter-his-campaign-style.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clinton was now eight to ten points ahead of Giuliani in the polls.<ref name="Gerth-2007" />

Then followed [[2000 United States Senate election in New York#Giuliani's tumultuous four weeks|four tumultuous weeks]] in which Giuliani learned he had [[prostate cancer]] and needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with [[Judith Nathan]] became public and the subject of a media frenzy; and he announced a separation from his wife [[Donna Hanover]]. After much indecision, on May 19, Giuliani announced his withdrawal from the Senate race.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |author-link=Elisabeth Bumiller |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/052000sen-ny-gop.html |title=Giuliani Quits Race for Senate, and G.O.P. Rallies Around Lazio |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 20, 2000 |access-date=August 3, 2015 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202329/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/052000sen-ny-gop.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== September 11 terrorist attacks ===
{{Main|Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Rumsfeld and Giuliani at Ground Zero.jpg|thumb|right|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] and Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center on November 14, 2001]]

==== Response ====
Giuliani received nationwide attention in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]]. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September{{spaces}}11 and afterwards{{snd}}for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe the dispersion of [[chemical weapon|chemical]] or [[biological weapon]]ry into the air was a factor in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said:
{{blockquote|Tomorrow New York is going to be here. And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before{{spaces}}... I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us.<ref name="Pooley-2001" />}}

The 9/11 attacks occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January{{spaces}}1 to April{{spaces}}1 under the [[New York State Constitution]] (Article{{spaces}}3, Section 25).<ref>{{cite web |title=Article III, Section 25: Continuity of state and local governmental operations in periods of emergency |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CNS/A3S25 |work=[[Constitution of New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525205236/https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CNS/A3S25 |via=nysenate.gov |url-status=live |access-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-date=May 25, 2023 }}</ref> In October 2000, he had considered supporting city council efforts to remove their own term limits, though was not in favor of ending consecutive mayoral term limits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/13/nyregion/giuliani-says-he-would-consider-abolishing-term-limits-for-city-council.html |title=Giuliani Says He Would Consider Abolishing Term Limits for City Council |date=October 13, 2000 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Thomas J. |last=Lueck |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-date=September 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911081244/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/13/nyregion/giuliani-says-he-would-consider-abolishing-term-limits-for-city-council.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the end, leaders in the [[New York State Assembly|State Assembly]] and [[New York Senate|Senate]] indicated that they did not believe the extension was necessary. The election proceeded as scheduled, and the winning candidate, the Giuliani-endorsed Republican convert [[Michael Bloomberg]], took office on January 1, 2002, per normal custom.

Giuliani said he had been at the [[Ground Zero#World Trade Center|Ground Zero]] site "as often, if not more, than most workers{{spaces}}... I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I'm one of them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2007/08/10/911-workers-outraged-by-new-rudy-claim/ |title=9/11 workers outraged by new Rudy claim |last=Katz |first=Celeste |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=August 10, 2007 |access-date=October 5, 2007 |archive-date=October 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028135844/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/08/10/2007-08-10_911_workers_outraged_by_new_rudy_claim.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22227731-663,00.html |title=Giuliani in firing line |last=Quaid |first=Libby |newspaper=Sunday Herald Sun (Australia) |date=August 12, 2007 |access-date=October 5, 2007 |archive-date=November 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105092705/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22227731-663,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Giuliani's 'I'm one of them' remark angers 9-11 workers |first=Dan |last=Sewell |work=[[The Cincinnati Post]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 10, 2007 |page=A1 |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CNPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11B01CFAB5D41EF0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420 |access-date=April 19, 2008 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110080330/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004 |url-status=live }}<!-- http://news.kypost.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070810/NEWS01/708100372/1014/NEWS02 --></ref> While his appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the attacks, Giuliani logged 29 hours at the site over three months beginning September 17. This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/us/politics/17giuliani.html |last=Buettner |first=Russ |title=For Giuliani, Ground Zero as Linchpin and Thorn |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 17, 2007 |access-date=October 5, 2007 |archive-date=January 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116170955/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/us/politics/17giuliani.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Rudy Giuliani at a NYFPC briefing.jpg|thumb|right|Giuliani at a NYFPC briefing after 9/11]]

When Saudi Prince [[Alwaleed bin Talal]] suggested the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] cause," Giuliani asserted, "There is no moral equivalent for this act. There is no justification for it{{spaces}}... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem." Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10{{spaces}}million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.<ref name="CNN-2001">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/11/rec.giuliani.prince/ |title=Giuliani rejects $10 million from Saudi prince |work=CNN |date=October 12, 2001 |access-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209092439/https://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/11/rec.giuliani.prince/ |archive-date=December 9, 2007 }}</ref>

==== Criticism and communications problems ====
{{Main|Communication during the September 11 attacks#Radio communications}}

Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the [[NYC Emergency Management|Office of Emergency Management]] headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the [[7&nbsp;World Trade Center]] building. Those opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack in light of the previous [[World Trade Center bombing|terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Trade Center: Profile |work=cooperativeresearch.org |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=world_trade_center |access-date=June 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031021/https://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=world_trade_center |archive-date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Barrett-2007" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The Grand Illusion: The untold story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0635%2Cbarrett%2C74322%2C6.html |first1=Wayne |last1=Barentt |author-link1=Wayne Barrett |first2=Dan |last2=Collins |author-link2=Dan Collins (journalist) |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=September 2006 |access-date=September 6, 2006 |archive-date=September 1, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901013040/http://villagevoice.com/news/0635,barrett,74322,6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jarrett |last=Murphy |date=December 5, 2005 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |title=Open and Shut |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0549,murphy,70685,6.html |access-date=June 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611004630/https://www.villagevoice.com/news/0549%2Cmurphy%2C70685%2C6.html |archive-date=June 11, 2007 }}</ref> Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7{{spaces}}World Trade to power the command center. In May 1997, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on [[Jerome M. Hauer]], who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City's first director of emergency management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided [[Fox News]] and ''[[New York Magazine]]'' with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in [[Brooklyn]] but was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist [[Chris Wallace (journalist)|Chris Wallace]] interviewed Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about his 1997 decision to locate the command center at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and that Hauer said the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer's directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/transcript-rudy-giuliani-on-fox-news-sunday |title=Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday |date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=September 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010042606/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C271917%2C00.html |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |work=[[Fox News]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheRealRudyCommandCenter_480 |first=Robert |last=Greenwald |title=The REAL Rudy: Command Center |date=September 6, 2007 |access-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html |work=The New York Times |first=Russ |last=Buettner |date=May 22, 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=June 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605084325/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Angry Giuliani Aide Lashes Back |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/angry-giuliani-aide-lashes-back/ |work=The New York Times |date=May 15, 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208223434/https://archive.nytimes.com/empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/angry-giuliani-aide-lashes-back/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Wayne |last1=Barrett |first2=Dan |last2=Collins |title=The Real Rudy: From the September print issue: The image of Rudy Giuliani as the hero of September 11 has never been seriously challenged. That changes now |work=[[The American Prospect]] |date=September 11, 2006 |url=https://prospect.org/article/real-rudy-d2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193601/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11973 |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> The February 1996 memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan."<ref>{{cite news |title=Giuliani Blames Aide for Poor Emergency Planning |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2007/05/guiliani_blames_aide_for_poor_emergency_planning.html |date=May 15, 2007 |work=[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]] |first=Lloyd |last=Grove |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106211753/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2007/05/guiliani_blames_aide_for_poor_emergency_planning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:911- President George W. Bush Addresses Joint Session of Congress, 09-20-2001. (6124236379).jpg|thumb|right|Giuliani, on right, at a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, in which President Bush praised his efforts as mayor and named [[Tom Ridge]] to a new cabinet-level position to oversee homeland defense initiatives]]

In January 2008, an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York City Police Department's opposition in 1998 to the location of the city's emergency command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26emergency.html |title=Memo Details Objections to Command Center Site |last=Rashbaum |first=William K. |date=January 26, 2008 |at=Politics (sec.) |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 27, 2008 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429220102/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26emergency.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'' noted that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks. The commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims have said these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rudy gets earful at stop here: Some FDNY survivors rally against him |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2007/04/24/rudy-gets-earful-at-stop-here/ |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=April 24, 2007 |first=David |last=Saltonstall |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527080857/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/04/24/2007-04-24_rudy_gets_earful_at_stop_here.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video?id=3367678 |title=Video: Giuliani's 'Hero' Reputation Burned? |work=ABC News |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522120716/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video?id=3367678 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm |title=NY firefighters attack Giuliani |date=July 12, 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218154719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Kevin |last=Baker |title=A Fate Worse than Bush: Rudy Giuliani and the Politics of Personality |url=https://kevinbaker.info/fate-worse-bush-rudolph-giuliani-politics-personality/ |via=kevinbaker.info |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |date=August 2007 |page=37 |access-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622065759/https://kevinbaker.info/fate-worse-bush-rudolph-giuliani-politics-personality/ |url-status=live }} citing {{cite book |first1=Jim |last1=Dwyer |first2=Kevin |last2=Flynn |title=102 Minutes |publisher=Times Books |year=2002 }}</ref> Giuliani testified to the commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliani Faces 9/11 Questions |first=Larry |last=McShane |date=March 30, 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6519758,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |access-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506073310/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0%2C%2C-6519758%2C00.html |archive-date=May 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 1994 mayoral office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33{{spaces}}million [[no-bid contract]] with [[Motorola]], and implemented in early 2001. However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a probationary firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old [[Analog transmission|analog]] radios from 1993.<ref name="ABC News" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Steier |work=[[The Chief (New York newspaper)|The Chief-Leader]] |url=http://www.thechief-leader.com/news/2007/0608/Razzle_Dazzle |title=Razzle Dazzle: Rudy Ducking and Running |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721004626/http://www.thechief-leader.com/news/2007/0608/Razzle_Dazzle/ |date=June 8, 2007 |archive-date=July 21, 2009}}</ref> A book later published by Commission members [[Thomas Kean]] and [[Lee H. Hamilton]], ''Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission'', argued that the commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.<ref>{{cite news |title=9/11 Commissioners Say They Went Easy on Giuliani to Avoid Public's Anger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/nyregion/06book.html |work=The New York Times |first=Timothy |last=Williams |date=August 6, 2006 |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024942/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/nyregion/06book.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An October 2001 study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.<ref name="Barrett-2007">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |title=Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=August 8, 2007 |pages=35–36 |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/rudy-giulianis-five-big-lies-about-911/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812224514/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0732,barrett,77463,6.html |archive-date=August 12, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Amy |last=Goodman |author-link=Amy Goodman |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/8/new_yorkers_tell_federal_officials_to |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115002115/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06%2F09%2F08%2F1349248 |url-status=live |title=New Yorkers Tell Federal Officials To Stop Ignoring 9/11's Health Effects |website=[[Democracy Now!]] |archive-date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref>

==== Public reaction ====
Giuliani gained international attention after the attacks and was widely hailed for his leadership role.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4221390 |title=Rudolph Giuliani – America's Mayor: Review of ''The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life'' By Fred Siegel |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=July 28, 2005 |access-date=November 15, 2006 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213920/http://economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4221390 |url-status=live }} [subscription site]</ref> Polls taken just six weeks after the attack showed a 79 percent approval rating among New York City voters. This was a dramatic increase over the 36 percent rating he had received a year earlier, which was an average at the end of a two-term mayorship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1302.xml?ReleaseID=547 |title=Quinnipiac University Poll |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]] |date=October 24, 2001 |access-date=March 4, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903214211/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1302.xml?ReleaseID=547 |archive-date=September 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=603 |title=Quinnipiac University Poll |publisher=Quinnipiac University |date=March 2, 2000 |access-date=November 30, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113212734/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=603 |archive-date=January 13, 2008}}</ref> [[Oprah Winfrey]] called him "America's Mayor" at a 9/11 memorial service held at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] on September 23, 2001.<ref name="CNN-2001"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfaithalliance.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=8dJIIWMCE&b=172143&ct=147383 |title=City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service |access-date=November 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109013723/http://www.interfaithalliance.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=8dJIIWMCE&b=172143&ct=147383 |archive-date=November 9, 2006 |website=interfaithalliance.org }}</ref>

Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others argue that "Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/us/politics/17firefighters.html |title=Among Firefighters in New York, Mixed Views on Giuliani |last1=Wilson |first1=Michael |last2=Hammer |first2=Kate |last3=Lee |first3=Trymaine |last4=Sweeney |first4=Matthew |date=June 17, 2007 |at=Politics (sec.) |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 1, 2007 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508130904/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/us/politics/17firefighters.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani has collected $11.4{{spaces}}million from speaking fees in a single year (with increased demand after the attacks).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_138032337.html |work=[[WBBM-TV]] |title=Many Wonder, Did Giuliani Profit From 9/11? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192033/http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_138032337.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Before September{{spaces}}11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2{{spaces}}million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/us/politics/17candidates.html |title=Wealth Is a Common Factor Among GOP Hopefuls |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 17, 2007 |first=David D. |last=Kirkpatrick |access-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-date=December 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216225958/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/us/politics/17candidates.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He has made most of his money since leaving office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=John |last2=Mosk |first2=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201270.html |title=In Private Sector, Giuliani Parlayed Fame Into Wealth |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 13, 2007 |access-date=August 3, 2015 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014216/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201270.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Time'' Person of the Year ====
On December 24, 2001,<ref>{{cite news |date=December 24, 2001 |title=Rudy Giuliani: 'Time's Person of the Year' |work=Mornings with Paula Zahn |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/ltm/date/2001-12-24/segment/03 |publisher=CNN Transcripts |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165828/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/24/ltm.03.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' magazine named Giuliani its [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] for 2001.<ref name="Pooley-2001">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/poyprofile.html |title=Mayor of the world |last=Pooley |first=Eric |magazine=Time |date=December 31, 2001 |access-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814040941/http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/poyprofile.html |archive-date=August 14, 2007}}</ref> ''Time'' observed that, before 9/11, Giuliani's public image had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image became that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006:
{{blockquote|With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He left a city immeasurably better off{{snd}}safer, more prosperous, more confident{{snd}}than the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/31/AR2006083101160.html |title=Crisis Management |first=Vincent J. |last=Cannato |date=September 3, 2006 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225020131/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/31/AR2006083101160.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==== Aftermath ====
[[File:Rudy Giuliani New York After 9-11.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thomas Von Essen]] and Giuliani at the New York Foreign Press Center Briefing on "New York City After September 11, 2001"]]

For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was given an honorary [[knighthood]] ([[Order of the British Empire|KBE]]) by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on February 13, 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/02/13/knighthoods/ |title=Giuliani joins a distinguished club |work=CNN |last1=Reynolds |first1=Dylan |date=February 13, 2002 |access-date=November 6, 2007 |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008182559/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/02/13/knighthoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Giuliani initially downplayed the [[health effects arising from the September&nbsp;11 attacks]] in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] and lower Manhattan areas in the vicinity of the [[World Trade Center site]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Ben |last=Smith |title=Rudy's Black Cloud |work=New York Daily News |date=September 18, 2006 |page=14 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rudy-black-cloud-wtc-health-risks-hurt-prez-bid-article-1.618126 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626023055/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rudy-black-cloud-wtc-health-risks-hurt-prez-bid-article-1.618126 |url-status=live }}</ref> He moved quickly to reopen [[Wall Street]], and it was reopened on September 17. In the first month after the attacks, he said "The air quality is safe and acceptable."<ref>{{cite news |first=Anita |last=Gates |title=Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/buildings-rise-from-rubble-while-health-crumbles.html |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2006 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605011530/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/buildings-rise-from-rubble-while-health-crumbles.html |url-status=live }}, reporting on the documentary "Dust to Dust: The Health Effects of 9/11"</ref>
[[File:Giuliani Powell.jpg|thumb|left|Giuliani and Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] at the U.S. Delegation to OSCE's Anti-Semitism Meeting in Vienna, Austria, in 2003]]

Giuliani took control away from agencies such as the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] and the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]], leaving the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction in charge of recovery and cleanup. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of [[respirators]]. Concurrently, the administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.<ref name="DePalma-2007">{{cite news |first=Anthony |last=DePalma |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/14giuliani.html |title=Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124022918/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/14giuliani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2007, [[Christie Todd Whitman]], former Republican governor of [[New Jersey]] and director of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), reportedly said the EPA had pushed for workers at the WTC site to wear respirators but she had been blocked by Giuliani. She said she believed the subsequent [[lung disease]] and deaths suffered by WTC responders were a result of these actions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/06/23/2007-06-23_christie_blasts_rudy_on_wtc_air-1.html |title=Christie blasts Rudy on WTC air |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=November 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119014816/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/06/23/2007-06-23_christie_blasts_rudy_on_wtc_air-1.html |date=June 23, 2007 |first=Adam |last=Nichols |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, former deputy mayor [[Joe Lhota]], then with the Giuliani campaign, replied, "All workers at Ground Zero were instructed repeatedly to wear their respirators."<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Mark |title=Pushing Back Against Whitman |date=June 25, 2007 |url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/06/25/234621.aspx |access-date=July 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110133845/https://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/06/25/234621.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2007 }}</ref>

Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's [[Legal liability|liability]] for Ground Zero illnesses to a total of $350{{spaces}}million. Two years after Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1{{spaces}}billion to a special insurance fund, called the [[World Trade Center Captive Insurance Company]], to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.<ref name="DePalma-2007"/>

In February 2007, the [[International Association of Fire Fighters]] issued a letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no [[closure (psychology)|closure]] for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the [[Fresh Kills Landfill]]," it said, adding: "Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them."<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/09/giuliani.firefighters.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404003924/http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/09/giuliani.firefighters.ap/index.html |url-status=dead |title=Firefighters union assails Giuliani |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=April 4, 2007}}</ref> Lawyers for the International Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under oath as part of a federal legal action alleging that New York City negligently dumped body parts and other human remains in the Fresh Kills Landfill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-giuliani8apr08,0,2321840,print.story?coll=la-home-headlines |title=Giuliani foes see another side to his 9/11 activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621112054/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-giuliani8apr08%2C0%2C2321840%2Cprint.story?coll=la-home-headlines |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |first=Peter |last=Wallsten |access-date=May 24, 2017}}</ref>