Editing Richard I of England (section)

===Captivity, ransom and return===
[[File:Heinrich VI. begnadigt Richard Loewenherz.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Depiction of Richard being pardoned by Emperor Henry VI in [[Peter of Eboli]]'s ''[[Liber ad honorem Augusti]]'', {{Circa|1196}}]]
Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in at [[Corfu]], in the lands of Byzantine Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]], who objected to Richard's annexation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine territory. Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near [[Aquileia]], forcing Richard and his party into taking a dangerous land route through central Europe. On his way to the territory of his brother-in-law [[Henry the Lion]], Richard was captured shortly before Christmas 1192 near [[Vienna]] by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Moreover, Richard had personally offended Leopold by casting down his standard from the walls of Acre.<ref name=":0" />

Leopold kept Richard prisoner at [[Dürnstein Castle]] under the care of Leopold's {{Lang|la|[[ministerialis]]}} Hadmar of Kuenring.<ref>{{Harvnb|Arnold|1999|p=128}}</ref> This mishap was soon known in England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. While in prison, Richard wrote the musical piece ''{{Lang|fro|Ja nus hons pris}}'' or ''{{Lang|pro|Ja nuls om pres}}'' ("No man who is imprisoned"), which is addressed to his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French and Occitan versions, to express his feelings of abandonment by his people and his sister. The detention of a crusader was contrary to public law,<ref name="eb1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Richard I. |volume=23 |page=295 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Flori|1999f|pp=188–189}} and on these grounds [[Pope Celestine III]] excommunicated Leopold.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Horace Kinder |title=The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages |date=1914 |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner |page=417 |isbn=978-0-7222-2160-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVFWvsGBDKgC&pg=PA417 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Durnstein castle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Ruins of [[Dürnstein Castle]], where Richard was at first kept captive]]

On 28 March 1193, Richard was brought to [[Speyer]] and handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in [[Trifels Castle]]. The Emperor was aggrieved by the support the Plantagenets had given to the family of Henry the Lion and by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily.<ref name="eb1911"/> Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom. Nevertheless, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful imprisonment of Richard. He famously refused to show deference to the Emperor and declared to him, "[[s:I am born in a rank which recognizes no superior but God|I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Longford|1989|p=85.}}</ref> The King was at first shown a certain measure of respect, but later, at the prompting of [[Philip of Dreux]], Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's cousin, the conditions of Richard's captivity worsened, and he was kept in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse or ass would have struggled to move under them."<ref>William of Newburgh, ''Historia'', ii. 493–494, cited in John Gillingham, "The Kidnapped King: Richard I in Germany, 1192–1194," ''German Historical Institute London Bulletin'', 2008. Richard would have his revenge on Dreux when the Bishop was captured, clad in a mailcoat and fully armed, by Richard's men in 1197; the king promptly clapped him into prison, from whence he was released only in 1200, a year after Richard's death.</ref>

The Emperor demanded that {{Formatnum:150000}} marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered to him before he would release the King, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier,<ref name="silver">{{Harvnb|Madden|2005|p=96}}</ref> and two to three times the annual income of the English Crown under Richard. Meanwhile, Eleanor worked tirelessly to raise the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested [[Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany]], niece of Richard, marry his heir [[Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)|Frederick]]. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the [[scutage]] and the [[carucage]] taxes. At the same time, Richard's brother John and King Philip of France offered {{Formatnum:80000}} marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner until [[Michaelmas]] 1194. Henry turned down the offer. The money to release the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194, Richard was released. Philip sent a message to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose".{{Sfn|Purser|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fBs0VlTA-qEC&pg=PA161 161]}} Furthermore, upon the sudden death of Leopold, under the pressure of the Pope, the new duke Frederick was forced to abandon his marriage plan with Eleanor of Brittany.<ref name=mcpe>Costain, Thomas B. ''The Magnificent Century: The Pageant of England''. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951, pp. 4–7</ref><ref>''The Angevin Empire''</ref>