Editing Red (section)

=== In animal and human behavior ===
Red is associated with [[Dominance hierarchy|dominance]] in a number of animal species.<ref name="Little & Hill 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Little|first1=A. C.|last2=Hill|first2=R. A.|year=2007|title=Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Psychology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=161–168|doi=10.1556/JEP.2007.1008|doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, in [[mandrill]]s, red coloration of the face is greatest in [[Dominance hierarchy|alpha]] males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of [[testosterone]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Setchell |first1=J. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Wickings |first3=E. |last4=Knapp |first4=L. |title=Social correlates of testosterone and ornamentation in male mandrills |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=365–72 |year=2008 |pmid=18582885 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.004 |s2cid=28843140 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5092/1/5092.pdf?DDD5+dan0js |access-date=2018-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922090210/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5092/1/5092.pdf?DDD5+dan0js |archive-date=2017-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, [[reproductive success]] and [[parental investment]] between individuals displaying red and those not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuthill|first1=I. C.|last2=Hunt|first2=S.|last3=Cleary|first3=C.|last4=Clark|first4=C.|year=1997|title=Colour bands, dominance, and body mass regulation in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=264|issue=1384|pages=1093–99|doi=10.1098/rspb.1997.0151|pmc=1688540|bibcode=1997RSPSB.264.1093C}}</ref> In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=R. A. |last2=Barton |first2=R. A. |title=Psychology: Red enhances human performance in contests |journal=Nature |volume=435 |page=293 |year=2005 |doi=10.1038/435293a |bibcode=2005Natur.435..293H |issue=7040 |pmid=15902246|s2cid=4394988 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Attrill |first1=M. |last2=Gresty |first2=K. |last3=Hill |first3=R. |last4=Barton |first4=R. |title=Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football |journal=Journal of Sports Sciences |year=2008 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=577–82 |doi=10.1080/02640410701736244 |pmid=18344128|s2cid=24581981 }}</ref> and [[multiplayer video game]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ilie |first1=A. |last2=Ioan |first2=S. |last3=Zagrean |first3=L. |last4=Moldovan |first4=M. |title=Better to Be Red than Blue in Virtual Competition |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=375–77 |year=2008 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0122 |pmid=18537513}}</ref> Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hackney |first1=A. C. |title=Testosterone and human performance: influence of the color red |journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=330–33 |year=2005 |pmid=16283371 |doi=10.1007/s00421-005-0059-7|s2cid=22517777 }}</ref> Judges of [[tae kwon do]] have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hagemann |first1=N. |last2=Strauss |first2=B. |last3=Leissing |first3=J. |title=When the Referee Sees Red … |journal=Psychological Science |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=769–71 |year=2008 |pmid=18816283 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x|s2cid=10618757 }}</ref> and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes.<ref name="Little & Hill 2007" /> In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elliot |first1=A. J. |last2=Maier |first2=M. A. |title=Color and Psychological Functioning |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=250–54 |year=2007 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x|s2cid=4678074 }}</ref> and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an [[IQ test]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elliot |first1=A. J. |last2=Maier |first2=M. A. |last3=Binser |first3=M. J. |last4=Friedman |first4=R. |last5=Pekrun |first5=R. |title=The Effect of Red on Avoidance Behavior in Achievement Contexts |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=365–75 |year=2008 |pmid=19223458 |doi=10.1177/0146167208328330|s2cid=14453487 }}</ref>