Editing Recreational drug use (section)

==Types==
===Depressants===
{{Further|Depressant}}
Depressants are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind.<ref name="urlMSDS Glossary">{{cite web |url= http://www.utexas.edu/safety/ehs/msds/glossary/?page=d | title = Depressant | date =  30 August 2007 | work = MSDS Glossary | publisher = Environmental Health and Safety, University of Texas at Austin |access-date= 1 January 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090117220900/http://www.utexas.edu/safety/ehs/msds/glossary/?page=d |archive-date= 17 January 2009}}</ref> Colloquially, depressants are known as "downers", and users generally take them to feel more relaxed and less tense. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as [[prescription medicine]]s and as [[prohibition (drugs)|illicit substances]]. When these are used, effects may include [[anxiolysis]] (reduction of anxiety), [[analgesia]] (pain relief), [[sedation]], [[somnolence]], cognitive/memory impairment, [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], muscle relaxation, lowered [[blood pressure]]/[[heart rate]], [[respiratory depression]], [[anesthesia]], and [[anticonvulsant]] effects.  Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include potentiation of [[GABA]] or [[opioid]] activity, and inhibition of [[adrenergic]], [[histamine]] or [[acetylcholine]] activity. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of [[euphoria]]. The most widely used depressant by far is [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] (i.e. [[ethanol]]).

Stimulants or "uppers", such as [[amphetamines]] or [[cocaine]], which increase mental or physical function, have an opposite effect to depressants.

Depressants, in particular alcohol, can precipitate [[Substance-induced psychosis|psychosis]]. A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. found that the rate of transition from opioid, alcohol and [[sedative]] induced psychosis to schizophrenia was 12%, 10% and 9% respectively.<ref name="Transition of Substance-Induced, Br">{{cite journal | vauthors = Murrie B, Lappin J, Large M, Sara G | title = Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 505–516 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 31618428 | pmc = 7147575 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbz102 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

====Antihistamines====
{{Further|Antihistamine}}
Antihistamines (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of [[histamine]]. "Antihistamine" can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but the term is usually reserved for the [[H1 antagonist|classical antihistamines]] that act upon the [[histamine H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub> histamine receptor]]. Antihistamines are used as treatment for [[allergies]]. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to [[allergens]], such as the [[pollen]] released by grasses and trees. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their [[anticholinergic]] properties, that induce [[anxiolysis]] and, in some cases such as [[diphenhydramine]], [[chlorpheniramine]], and [[orphenadrine]], a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} High dosages taken to induce recreational drug effects may lead to overdoses. Antihistamines are also consumed in combination with alcohol, particularly by youth who find it hard to obtain alcohol. The combination of the two drugs can cause intoxication with lower alcohol doses.

Hallucinations and possibly delirium resembling the effects of [[Datura stramonium]] can result if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutic doses. Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores (without a prescription), in the form of allergy medication and some [[cough medicine]]s. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol.
The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to extend and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are [[hydroxyzine]], mainly to extend a supply of other drugs, as in medical use, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-class first-generation antihistamines, which are – once again as in the 1950s – the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties.

For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is also observed.

====Analgesics====
{{Further|Analgesic}}
Analgesics (also known as "painkillers") are used to relieve [[pain]] (achieve [[wikt:analgesia|analgesia]]). The word ''analgesic'' derives from Greek "αν-" (''an-'', "without") and "άλγος" (''álgos'', "pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] and [[central nervous system|central]] nervous systems; they include [[paracetamol]] (also known in the US as acetaminophen), the [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) such as the [[salicylate]]s (e.g. [[aspirin]]), and [[opioid]] drugs such as [[hydrocodone]], [[codeine]], [[heroin]] and [[oxycodone]]. Some further examples of the [[Brand|brand name]] [[prescription medication|prescription]] [[opiate]]s and [[opioid]] analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone).

====Tranquilizers====
{{Further|Tranquilizer}}
The following are examples of tranquilizers ([[gamma-Aminobutyric acid#GABAergic drugs|GABAergics]]):
* [[Barbiturate]]s
* [[Benzodiazepine]]s
* [[Ethanol]] (drinking alcohol; ethyl alcohol)
* [[Nonbenzodiazepine]]s
* Others
** [[carisoprodol]] (Soma)
** [[chloral hydrate]]
** [[diethyl ether]]
** [[ethchlorvynol]] (Placidyl; "jelly-bellies")
** [[gamma-butyrolactone]] (GBL, a prodrug to GHB)
** [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate]] (GHB; G; Xyrem; "Liquid Ecstasy", "Fantasy")
** [[glutethimide]] (Doriden)
** [[kava]] (from ''[[Piper methysticum]]''; contains [[kavalactone]]s)
** [[ketamine]], a [[phencyclidine]] (PCP) analog
** [[meprobamate]] (Miltown)
** [[methaqualone]] (Sopor, Mandrax; "Quaaludes")
** [[phenibut]]
** [[propofol]] (Diprivan), a general anesthetic
** [[theanine]] (found in ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', the [[tea]] plant)
** [[Valerian (herb)|valerian]] (from ''[[Valeriana officinalis]]'')

===Stimulants===
{{Further|Stimulant}}
[[File:Cocaine lines 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cocaine]] is a commonly used [[stimulant]].]]
Stimulants, also known as "psychostimulants",<ref name="dorlands">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000088218.htm |title= Psychostimulant | work = Dorlands Medical Dictionary }}</ref> induce [[euphoria]] with improvements in mental and physical function, such as enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. Stimulants are also occasionally called "uppers". [[Depressant]]s or "downers", which decrease mental or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites.

Stimulants enhance the activity of the [[central nervous system|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system]]s. Common effects may include increased [[alertness]], [[awareness]], [[wakefulness]], [[endurance]], [[productivity]], and [[motivation]], [[arousal]], [[animal locomotion|locomotion]], [[heart rate]], and [[blood pressure]], and a diminished desire for [[food]] and [[sleep]].

Use of stimulants may cause the body to significantly reduce its production of endogenous compounds that fulfill similar functions. Once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and dysphoric. This is colloquially termed a "crash" and may promote reuse of the stimulant.

Amphetamines are a significant cause of drug-induced psychosis. Importantly, a 2019 meta-analysis found that 22% of people with amphetamine-induced psychosis transition to a later diagnosis of schizophrenia.<ref name="Transition of Substance-Induced, Br"/>

Examples of stimulants include:
* [[Sympathomimetic]]s ([[catecholaminergic]]s)—e.g. [[amphetamine]], [[methamphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[methylphenidate]], [[ephedrine]], [[pseudoephedrine]]
* [[Entactogen]]s ([[Serotonin|serotonergic]]s, primarily phenethylamines)—e.g. [[MDMA]] (which is also an amphetamine)
* [[Eugeroics]], e.g. [[modafinil]]
* Others
** [[arecoline]] (found in ''[[Areca catechu]]'')
** [[caffeine]] (found in ''[[Coffea|Coffea spp.]]'')
** [[nicotine]] (found in ''[[Nicotiana|Nicotiana spp.]]'')
** [[rauwolscine]] (found in ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'')
** [[yohimbine]] (Procomil; a tryptamine alkaloid found in ''[[Pausinystalia johimbe]]'')

===Euphoriants===
{{Further|Euphoriant}}
* Alcohol: "Euphoria, the feeling of well-being, has been reported during the early (10–15 min) phase of alcohol consumption" (e.g., beer, wine or spirits)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan CJ, Badawy AA | title = Alcohol-induced euphoria: exclusion of serotonin | journal = Alcohol and Alcoholism | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–5 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11139411 | doi = 10.1093/alcalc/36.1.22 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Cannabis]]: [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]], the main psychoactive ingredient in this plant, can have sedative and euphoric properties.
* Catnip: Catnip contains a sedative known as [[nepetalactone]] that activates opioid receptors. In cats it elicits sniffing, licking, chewing, head shaking, rolling, and rubbing which are indicators of pleasure. In humans, however, catnip does not act as a euphoriant.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Foster S |title=A field guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|location=New York|pages=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg_bPUzhJ9oC|isbn=978-0395838068}}</ref>
* [[Stimulant]]s: "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by excessive talking and garrulous behaviour), and anorexia. The amphetamines are the best known drugs in this category..."<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cuthbert AW  | chapter = Stimulants | chapter-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001/acref-9780198524038-e-907?rskey=qkpdPJ&result=904 | veditors = Blakemore C, Jennett S |title=The Oxford companion to The body |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-852403-8}}</ref>
* [[MDMA]]: The "euphoriant drugs such as [[MDMA]] ('ecstasy') and MDEA ('eve')" are popular among young adults.<ref name="Body 2001">{{cite book | vauthors = Hayward R  | chapter = Euphoria | chapter-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001/acref-9780198524038-e-345?rskey=TYdfnF&result=344 | veditors = Blakemore C, Jennett S |title=The Oxford companion to The body |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-852403-8}}</ref> MDMA "users experience short-term feelings of euphoria, rushes of energy and increased tactility"<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Ecstasy | chapter-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-3615?rskey=Q2GuNL&result=3419 |title=The World Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-954609-1 | doi = 10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 }}</ref> as well as interpersonal connectedness.
* [[Opium]]: This "drug derived from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy…produces drowsiness and euphoria and reduces pain. Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives."<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Opium | chapter-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-8463?rskey=PxvD3j&result=7884 |title=The World Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-954609-1 | doi = 10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 }}</ref> Opioids have led to many deaths in the United States, particularly by causing respiratory depression.

===Hallucinogens===
{{Further|Hallucinogen}}
{{See also|List of psychedelic drugs}}
Hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]]s, [[dissociative]]s, and [[deliriant]]s. They can cause subjective changes in [[perception]], [[thought]], [[emotion]] and [[consciousness]]. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as [[stimulants]] and [[opioids]], hallucinogens do not merely amplify familiar states of mind but also induce experiences that differ from those of ordinary consciousness, often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as [[trance]], [[meditation]], conversion experiences, and [[dream]]s.

Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants have a long worldwide history of use within medicinal and religious traditions. They are used in [[shamanic]] forms of ritual [[healing]] and [[divination]], in [[initiation rites]], and in the religious rituals of [[syncretistic]] movements such as [[União do Vegetal]], [[Santo Daime]], [[Temple of the True Inner Light]], and the [[Native American Church]]. When used in religious practice, psychedelic drugs, as well as other substances like [[tobacco]], are referred to as [[entheogens]].

Hallucinogen-induced psychosis occurs when psychosis persists despite no longer being intoxicated with the drug. It is estimated that 26% of people with hallucinogen-induced psychosis will transition to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. This percentage is less than the psychosis transition rate for cannabis (34%) but higher than that of amphetamines (22%).<ref name="Transition of Substance-Induced, Br"/>

Starting in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have been the object of extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating [[clinical depression|depression]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[alcoholism]], and [[opioid addiction]]. Yet the most popular, and at the same time most stigmatized, use of psychedelics in Western culture has been associated with the search for direct [[religious experience]], enhanced [[creativity]], personal development, and "mind expansion". The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s [[counterculture]], where it became associated with various social movements and a general atmosphere of rebellion and strife between generations.
* [[Deliriant]]s
** [[atropine]] (alkaloid found in plants of the family ''[[Solanaceae]]'', including [[Datura stramonium|datura]], deadly nightshade, [[Hyoscyamus niger|henbane]] and [[Mandragora officinarum|mandrake]])
** [[dimenhydrinate]] (Dramamine, an [[antihistamine]])
** [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol)
** [[hyoscyamine]] (alkaloid also found in the Solanaceae)
** [[hyoscine hydrobromide]] (another Solanaceae alkaloid)
** [[myristicin]] (found in ''[[Myristica fragrans]]'' ("Nutmeg"))
** [[ibotenic acid]] (found in ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' ("Fly Agaric"); [[prodrug]] to muscimol)
** [[muscimol]] (also found in ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', a [[gamma-Aminobutyric acid#GABAergic drugs|GABAergic]])
* [[Dissociative]]s
** [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; "Dex", "Robo", "Cough Syrup", "DXM")
*** ''"Triple C's, Coricidin, Skittles" refer to a potentially fatal formulation containing both dextromethorphan and [[chlorpheniramine]].''
** [[ketamine]] (K; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest; "Ket", "Kit Kat", "Special-K", "Vitamin K", "Jet Fuel", "Horse Tranquilizer")
** [[methoxetamine]] (Mex, Mket, Mexi)
** [[phencyclidine]] (PCP; Sernyl; "Angel Dust", "Rocket Fuel", "Sherm", "Killer Weed", "Super Grass")
** [[nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O; "NOS", "Laughing Gas", "Whippets", "Balloons")
* [[Psychedelic drug|Psychedelic]]s
** [[Phenethylamine]]s
*** [[2C-B]] ("Nexus", "Venus", "Eros", "Bees")
*** [[2C-E]] ("Eternity", "Hummingbird")
*** [[2C-I]] ("Infinity")
*** [[2C-T-2]] ("Rosy")
*** [[2C-T-7]] ("Blue Mystic", "Lucky 7")
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]]
*** [[4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine|DOC]]
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine|DOI]]
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM]] ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" ("STP"))
*** [[3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|MDMA]] ("Ecstasy", "E", "Molly", "Mandy", "MD", "Crystal Love")
*** [[mescaline]] (found in [[peyote]] and ''[[Trichocereus macrogonus]]'' (Peruvian torch, San Pedro cactus))
** [[Tryptamine]]s (including [[ergoline]]s and [[lysergamide]]s)
*** [[5-MeO-DiPT]] ("Foxy", "Foxy Methoxy")
*** [[5-MeO-DMT]] (found in various plants like [[chacruna]], [[Mimosa tenuiflora|jurema]], [[Anadenanthera colubrina|vilca]], and [[yopo]])
*** [[alpha-methyltryptamine]] (αMT; Indopan; "Spirals")
*** [[bufotenin]] (secreted by ''[[Bufo alvarius]]'', also found in various ''[[Amanita]]'' mushrooms)
*** [[N,N-dimethyltryptamine]] (N,N-DMT; DMT; "Dimitri", "Disneyland", "Spice"; found in large amounts in [[Psychotria]] and in [[Diplopterys cabrerana|D. cabrerana]])
*** [[lysergic acid amide]] (LSA; ergine; found in [[morning glory]] and [[Hawaiian baby woodrose]] seeds)
*** [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD; L; Delysid; "Acid", "Sid". "Cid", "Lucy", "Sidney", "Blotters", "Droppers", "Sugar Cubes")
***[[O-Acetylpsilocin|''O''-Acetylpsilocin]] (believed to be a [[prodrug]] of psilocin)
*** [[psilocin]] (found in psilocybin mushrooms)
*** [[psilocybin]] (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin)
*** [[ibogaine]] (found in ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' ("Iboga"))
* Atypicals
** [[salvinorin A]] (found in ''Salvia divinorum'', a ''trans''-neoclerodane [[diterpenoid]] ("Diviner's Sage", "Lady Salvia", "Salvinorin"))
** [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (found in [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]])

===Inhalants===
{{Further|Inhalant}}
Inhalants are [[gas]]es, [[aerosol]]s, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for [[List of medical inhalants|medical purposes]], as in the case of [[nitrous oxide]], a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect.<ref name="ACB 2020">{{cite journal |author1-last=Quax |author1-first=Marcel L. J. |author2-last=Van Der Steenhoven |author2-first=Timothy J. |author3-last=Bronkhorst |author3-first=Martinus W. G. A. |author4-last=Emmink |author4-first=Benjamin L. |date=July 2020 |title=Frostbite injury: An unknown risk when using nitrous oxide as a party drug |journal=Acta Chirurgica Belgica |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] on behalf of the Royal Belgian Society for Surgery |volume=120 |issue=1–4 |pages=140–143 |doi=10.1080/00015458.2020.1782160 |issn=0001-5458 |pmid=32543291 |s2cid=219702849}}</ref> Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic [[solvent]]s (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and [[nail polish]] removers), fuels ([[gasoline]] (petrol) and [[kerosene]]), and propellant gases such as [[Freon]] and compressed [[hydrofluorocarbon]]s that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics ([[ether]] and nitrous oxide)<ref name="ACB 2020"/> and volatile anti-[[Angina pectoris|angina]] drugs ([[Poppers|alkyl nitrites]], more commonly known as "poppers").

The most serious inhalant abuse occurs among children and teens who "[...] live on the streets completely without family ties".<ref name="monographs">{{cite book | vauthors = Edwards RW, Oetting ER | chapter = Inhalant use in the United States | veditors = Kozel N, Sloboda Z, De La Rosa M | title = Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective. Proceedings of a meeting. July 21-22, 1993 | series = NIDA Research Monograph | volume = 148 | pages = 8–28  | date = 1995 | pmid = 8999334 | doi = | url = http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060926054236/http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf | archive-date = 26 September 2006 }}</ref> Inhalant users inhale [[vapor]] or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid [[hallucination]]s, depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products inhaled. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence. Computer cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale, because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed. In many cases, users have died from [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest,<ref name="gdcada.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.gdcada.org/statistics/inhalants.htm | title = Inhalants | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090408021738/http://www.gdcada.org/statistics/inhalants.htm | archive-date = 8 April 2009 | work = Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse }}</ref> or aspiration of vomit.

Examples include:
* [[Chloroform]]
* [[Ethyl chloride]]
* [[Diethyl ether]]
* [[Ethane]] and [[ethylene]]
* [[Laughing gas]] ([[nitrous oxide]])<ref name="ACB 2020"/>
* [[Poppers]] ([[alkyl nitrite]]s)
* [[Solvent]]s and [[propellant]]s (including [[propane]], [[butane]], [[freon]], [[gasoline]], [[kerosene]], [[toluene]]) along with the [[Vapor|fumes]] of [[glue]]s containing them