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===Party leadership=== [[File:RichardSeddon1905.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Richard Seddon]] styled himself "Prime Minister" at the turn of the 20th century]] Premiers were initially supported by unorganised factions based on personal interests, and their governments were short-lived.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=McClean |first1=Gavin |title=Premiers and prime ministers β Premiers, 1856β1891 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/premiers-and-prime-ministers/page-2 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |language=en-NZ |date=1 December 2016 |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> The political position of the premier was enhanced by the development of modern [[List of political parties in New Zealand|political parties]].<ref name="Johansson2013">{{cite journal |last1=Johansson |first1=Jon |title=Prime Ministers and their Parties in New Zealand |journal=Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance |date=28 March 2013 |pages=193β215 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199666423.003.0009|isbn=978-0-19-966642-3 }} Oxford University Press.</ref> Premier [[John Ballance]] organised the first formal party in New Zealand, the [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal Party]], forming the [[Liberal Government of New Zealand|Liberal Government]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/political-parties/page-9|last1=McLintock|first1=Alexander Hare|title=The Rise of the Liberal Party|encyclopedia=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]]|date=1966|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> There was little real [[parliamentary opposition]] until 1909, when [[William Massey]] organised his [[Historic conservatism in New Zealand|conservative]] faction to form the [[Reform Party (New Zealand)|Reform Party]]. Thereafter political power centred on parties and their leaders.<ref name="party leadership">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=McClean |first1=Gavin |title=Premiers and prime ministers β Party leadership |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/premiers-and-prime-ministers/page-3 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=13 June 2018|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> (Subsequent governments were led by prime ministers from the Reform, [[United Party (New Zealand)|United]], [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] and [[New Zealand National|National]] parties.<ref name="Johansson2013"/>) Although not every government would have a large majority, the [[party system]] and tight control of party members by [[whip (politics)|whips]] helped heads of government to direct the passage of legislation in the House of Representatives. In 1893, the premier gained the ability to restrict the term of appointments to the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref>{{citation|title=Abolition Bill|volume=289|page=642|date=1950|work=[[Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|publisher=New Zealand Parliament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tooLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA642|language=en}}</ref> After 1900, [[Richard Seddon]], the incumbent head of government, used the title of "prime minister". The change of title was reflected in the ''[[New Zealand official publications|New Zealand Official Yearbook]]'' of that year.<ref name="title"/> Seddon's immediate successor, [[William Hall-Jones]], was the first to be sworn in as "prime minister", in 1906.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hall-Jones, William |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2h7/hall-jones-william |publisher=[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]] |access-date=27 June 2018 |date=1993}}</ref> The expanding power of the prime minister was kept in check by the need to build consensus with other leading members of the Cabinet and of the governing party, including those who represented various ideological wings of the party. Other institutions, including Parliament itself and the wider state bureaucracy, also acted as limits on prime ministerial power; in 1912 [[Thomas Mackenzie]] was the last prime minister to lose power through an unsuccessful [[motion of no confidence|confidence motion]] in the House of Representatives.<ref name="trivia"/>
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