Editing Portuguese language (section)

== Vocabulary ==
{{Main|Portuguese vocabulary}}
[[File:Languages of pre-Roman Iberia.gif|thumb|Linguistic map of Pre-Roman Iberia]]
[[File:Palácio Presidencial em Bissau (1).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Presidential Palace, Bissau|Bissau-Guinean Presidential Palace]], with its [[Portuguese colonial architecture]], is a building that has a library, a small theater and was formerly the palace of the colonial governor of [[Portuguese Guinea|Portuguese-Guinea]], seen from the PAIGC-building (formerly the seat of the local commercial association ''Associação Comercial, Industrial e Agrícola de Bissau''), located at the ''Praça dos Heróis Nacionais'' square (formerly ''Praça do Império square''), in downtown [[Bissau]].]]

Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevertheless, because of its original [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] and Celtic [[Gallaeci]]an heritage, and the later participation of Portugal in the [[Age of Discovery]], it has a relevant number of words from the ancient [[Hispano-Celtic languages|Hispano-Celtic group]]<ref name="Colera 2007 p.750 quote" /> and adopted [[loanword]]s from other languages around the world.

A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal]], which included the [[Gallaeci]], [[Lusitanians]], [[Celtici]] and [[Cynetes]]. Most of these words derived from the Hispano-Celtic [[Gallaecian language]] of northwestern Iberia, and are very often shared with [[Galician language|Galician]] since both languages have the same origin in the medieval language of Galician–Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] sources, often [[Gaulish]]. Altogether these are over 3,000 words, verbs, toponymic names of towns, rivers, surnames, tools, lexicon linked to rural life and natural world.<ref name="Filppula-Klemola">{{cite journal |last1=Filppula |first1=Markku |last2=Klemola |first2=Juhani |title=Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=115 |number=1 |date=2014 |pages=33–53 |jstor=43344757 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002914/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman [[Hispania]]) was conquered by the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], [[Suebi]] and [[Visigoths]]. As they adopted the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] civilization and language, however, these people contributed with some 500 
[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] words to the lexicon. Many of these words are related to:
* '''warfare''', such as {{lang|pt|espora}} 'spur', {{lang|pt|estaca}} ('stake'), and {{lang|pt|guerra}} ('war'), from [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''*spaúra'', ''*stakka'', and ''*wirro'' respectively; 
* '''natural world''', such as {{lang|pt|suino}} ('swine') from ''*sweina'', {{lang|pt|gavião}} ('hawk') from ''*gabilans'', {{lang|pt|vaga}} ('wave') from ''*vigan'';
* '''human emotions''', such as {{lang|pt|orgulho}} or {{lang|pt|orgulhoso}} ('pride', 'proud') from Old Germanic ''*urguol'', and
* '''verbs''' like {{lang|pt|gravar}} ('to craft, record, graft') from ''*graba'' or {{lang|pt|esmagar}} ('to squeeze, quash, grind') from Suebian ''*magōn'' or {{lang|pt|esfarrapar}} ('to shred') from ''*harpō''.

The [[Germanic languages]] influence also exists in [[toponymic surname]]s and [[patronymic surname]]s borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such as [[Ermesinde]], [[Esposende]] and [[Resende, Portugal|Resende]] where ''sinde'' and ''sende'' are derived from the Germanic ''sinths'' ('military expedition') and in the case of Resende, the prefix ''re'' comes from Germanic ''reths'' ('council'). Other examples of Portuguese names, surnames and town names of Germanic [[toponymic]] origin include Henrique, [[Henriques (surname)|Henriques]], Vermoim, Mandim, Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and many more, are quite common mainly in the old [[Suebi]] and later [[Visigothic]] dominated regions, covering today's Northern half of Portugal and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].

Between the 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired some 400 to 600 words from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] by influence of [[al-Andalus|Moorish Iberia]]. They are often recognizable by the initial [[Definite article in Arabic|Arabic article ''a(l)-'']], and include common words such as {{lang|pt|aldeia}} ('village') from الضيعة ''aḍ-ḍayʿa'', {{lang|pt|alface}} ('lettuce') from الخسة ''al-khassa'', {{lang|pt|armazém}} ('warehouse') from المخزن ''al-makhzan'', and {{lang|pt|azeite}} ('olive oil') from الزيت ''az-zayt''.

[[File:State_Central_Library,_Goa_Dec_27,_2012_14.JPG|thumb|left|A sign at [[Goa State Central Library|Goa Central Library]], in [[Panaji]], India, listing three Portuguese-language newspapers]]

Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, {{lang|pt|catana}} ('[[cutlass]]') from [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''[[katana]]'', {{lang|pt|chá}} ('tea') from [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''[[Tea#Etymology|chá]]'', and ''[[Canja de galinha|canja]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Canja |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/Canja |website=Dicionário Priberam |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033808/https://dicionario.priberam.org/Canja |url-status=live }}</ref> ('chicken-soup, piece of cake') from [[Malay language|Malay]].

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the [[Atlantic slave trade]], and the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several words of African and [[indigenous peoples of Brazil|Amerind]] origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From [[Kimbundu language|Kimbundu]], for example, came ''kifumate'' > {{lang|pt|cafuné}} ('head caress') (Brazil), ''kusula'' > {{lang|pt|caçula}} ('youngest child') (Brazil), {{lang|pt|marimbondo}} ('tropical wasp') (Brazil), and ''kubungula'' > {{lang|pt|bungular}} ('to dance like a wizard') (Angola). From South America came {{lang|pt|batata}} ('[[potato]]'), from [[Taíno language|Taino]]; {{lang|pt|ananás}} and {{lang|pt|abacaxi}}, from [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi–Guarani]] ''naná'' and [[Tupi language|Tupi]] ''ibá cati'', respectively (two species of [[pineapple]]), and {{lang|pt|pipoca}} ('[[popcorn]]') from Tupi and {{lang|pt|tucano}} ('[[toucan]]') from [[Guarani language|Guarani]] ''tucan''.

Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and [[English language|English]]. These are by far the most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: {{lang|pt|colchete}}/{{lang|pt|crochê}} ('bracket'/'crochet'), {{lang|pt|paletó}} ('jacket'), {{lang|pt|batom}} ('lipstick'), and {{lang|pt|filé}}/{{lang|pt|filete}} ('steak'/'slice'), {{lang|pt|rua}} ('street'), respectively, from French {{lang|fr|crochet}}, {{lang|fr|paletot}}, {{lang|fr|bâton}}, {{lang|fr|filet}}, {{lang|fr|rue}}; and {{lang|pt|bife}} ('steak'), {{lang|pt|futebol}}, {{lang|pt|revólver}}, {{lang|pt|stock}}/{{lang|pt|estoque}}, {{lang|pt|folclore}}, from English "beef", "football", "revolver", "stock", "folklore".

Examples from other European languages: {{lang|pt|macarrão}} ('pasta'), {{lang|pt|piloto}} ('pilot'), {{lang|pt|carroça}} ('carriage'), and {{lang|pt|barraca}} ('barrack'), from Italian {{lang|it|maccherone}}, {{lang|it|pilota}}, {{lang|it|carrozza}}, and {{lang|it|baracca}}; {{lang|pt|melena}} ('hair lock'), {{lang|pt|fiambre}} ('wet-cured ham') (in Portugal, in contrast with ''presunto'' 'dry-cured ham' from Latin ''prae-exsuctus'' 'dehydrated') or ('canned ham') (in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured (''presunto cozido'') and dry-cured (''presunto cru'')), or ''castelhano'' ('Castilian'), from Spanish ''melena'' ('mane'), ''fiambre'' and ''castellano.''