Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

===Norman victory===
Strategically, King William's position was not looking good, and he offered Adrian large sums in financial compensation for the Pope to withdraw his forces. However, the majority of Adrian's curia were averse to holding negotiations with the Sicilians, and the King's offer was rejected somewhat haughtily. This turned out to be a bad mistake.{{sfn|Partner|1972|pp=190–191}} William soon won decisive victories over both Greek and Apulian armies in mid-1156,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} culminating in the final defeat of the Eastern Empire at the [[Battle of Brindisi (1156)|Battle of Brindisi]].{{sfn|Chrysostomides|2009|p=18}} When William soundly defeated the rebels,{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} Adrian—who was by now, even more, bogged down in the problem of Rome{{sfn|Matthew|1992|p=63}} and without allies{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=176}}—had to sue for peace on the King's terms.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} This was yet another external event—indeed, probably the single most important event of the pontificate she argues—that Adrian had had no way of influencing but had to deal with its consequences, notes Duggan.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=153}} He was effectively captured and forced to come to terms at [[Benevento]]{{sfn|Abulafia|1988|p=56}}{{refn|Benevento was a Papal enclave inside Sicilian southern Italy, so Adrian was unable to escape easily.{{sfn|Abulafia|1988|p=56}}|group=note}} three weeks later.{{sfn|Loud|2004|p=456}} This one event, says Duggan, changed Adrian's policy for good, whether or not he liked it.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=110}} As a result, at the [[Treaty of Benevento|Concordat of Benevento]], Adrian had to invest William with the lands he claimed in southern Italy, symbolised by the presentation of the Pope's own [[pennon]]ed lances and the kiss of peace.{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=176}} The Pope was accepted as William's feudal overlord, while being forbidden from entering Sicily without an invitation from the King,{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=236}}{{refn|This did not apply to the mainland of Southern Italy, but, Barber points out, this was effectively the ''status quo'' in any case: Popes only entered the region four times between 1154 and 1189.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=236}}|group=note}} thereby granting William effectively Legatine authority over the church in his own land.{{sfn|Loud|2004|p=456}} For his part, William gave the Pope his [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] and contracted to pay an annual tribute{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} and provide military support on request.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=126}} The treaty conferred extended powers on the Kings of Sicily that they would enjoy for at least the next 40 years, and included powers over ecclesiastical appointments traditionally held by the Popes as the region's feudal lord.{{sfn|Matthew|1992|p=193}}{{refn|These were greater powers than the Emperor enjoyed in his realm, and thus embittered relations between him and the Pope further.{{sfn|Matthew|1992|p=193}}|group=note}} Adrian's treaty with William angered the Emperor, who took it as a personal slight that Adrian had treated with the two Imperial rivals to Italy and confirmed his view of Adrian's Papal arrogance.{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=180}} This, suggests Robinson, sowed the seeds of the disputed election following Adrian's death.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=79}}{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=378}}

The defeat of Manuel's army left the Pope vulnerable, and in June 1156 Adrian was forced to come to terms with the Sicilian King.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} This was, however, suggests Robinson, on generous terms, including "homage and fealty, reparation for the recent encroachments on the papal patrimony, help against the Romans, freedom from royal control for the Sicilian church".{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=378}} Adrian's new alliance with William exacerbated relations with Barbarossa,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} who believed that Adrian had broken the Treaty of Constance twice over, by allying with both King William and the Byzantine Emperor.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} Relations between Pope and Emperor were, argues Latowsky, "irreparably damaged.{{sfn|Latowsky|2013|p=168}} Adrian probably acted as mediator the following year in concluding a peace treaty between William and Manuel.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} The Emperor attempted to prevent the treaty by sending his most experienced diplomat, Abbot [[Wibald]] to intervene, as he probably saw a Sicilian–Byzantine alliance as being directed against him.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=195}}

The alliance with William had probably been strengthened by the Pope's belief that Barbarossa had already broken the Treaty of Constance.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=152}} At the Treaty of Benevento, Adrian was represented by the Cardinals Ubald, Julius and Roland;{{sfn|Matthew|1992|p=65}} the Papacy was forced to cede much valuable land, rights and income to William.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=367}} The Emperor felt personally betrayed: according to the contemporary chronicler [[Geoffrey of Viterbo]], the Pope, "wish[ed] to be an enemy of Caesar".{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=107}} Duggan, however, suggests that the Imperial alliance with the papacy had only ever been a [[flag of convenience]], "ready to be discarded when it had served its purpose".{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=154}}{{refn|Duggan suggests that once he had been elected as emperor, all he needed was a puppet pope, and that Adrian's policy of keeping the papacy on an independent course, was an "intolerable provocation".{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=154}}|group=note}} Bolton, meanwhile, suggests that, as Benevento was an Imperial town, the fact that following the treaty he stayed there for eight more months indicates that Adrian was asserting his power.{{sfn|Bolton|2003b|p=165}}