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==Branches of federal government== ===Legislative=== {{main|Parliament of Malaysia}} [[Image:MalaysianParliament.jpg|thumb|The Parliament building in [[Kuala Lumpur]]]] Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral parliament consists of the [[lower house]], the House of Representatives or ''[[Dewan Rakyat]]'' (literally the "Chamber of the People"); and the [[upper house]], the Senate or ''[[Dewan Negara]]'' (literally the "Chamber of the Nation").<ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=|verse=Article 44 |range= }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=|verse=Article 45 |range= }}</ref> All seventy Senate members sit for three-year terms (to a maximum of two terms); twenty-six are elected by the thirteen state assemblies, and forty-four are appointed by the king based on the advice of the Prime Minister.<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm |title=Malaysia |publisher=State.gov |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> The 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected from single-member districts by universal adult suffrage. Parliament has a maximum mandate of five years by law. The king may dissolve parliament at any time, and usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister. [[Malaysian General Election|General elections]] must be held within sixty days of the dissolution of parliament. In practice, this has meant that elections have been held every three to five years at the discretion of the Prime Minister. Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. Malaysia has two sources of law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/permitting-issues-related-carbon-capture-and-storage-coal-based-power-plant-projects-developing-apec-economies/1-political-and-legal-system-1|title=Political and Legal System|website=Global CCS Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135652/https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/permitting-issues-related-carbon-capture-and-storage-coal-based-power-plant-projects-developing-apec-economies/1-political-and-legal-system-1|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The national constitution, the nation's supreme law, can be amended by a two-thirds majority in parliament. (Since its formation, the BN has never lacked the necessary two-thirds until 8 March 2008's General Election) The second source of law is [[sharia]] (Islamic law), which applies only to Muslims. The federal government has little input into the administration of sharia; it falls to the states to implement Islamic law, and interpretations vary from state to state.<ref name=":0" /> The parliament follows a multi-party system and the governing body is elected through a [[first-past-the-post]] system.<ref name="state.gov"/> ===Executive=== [[Executive branch|Executive power]] is vested in the [[Cabinet of Malaysia|cabinet]] led by the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]]; the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Malaysian constitution]] stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the Lower House of [[Parliament of Malaysia|parliament]] who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA), commands a majority in parliament.<ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=|verse=Article 43 |range=-2 }}</ref> The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body.<ref name="Ibrahim, 2012"/><ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=|verse=Article 43 |range=-1}}</ref> The Executive branch of the government consists of the Prime Minister as the head of the government, followed by the various ministers of the Cabinet. It formulates various socio-economic policies and development plans, for the development of the country as a whole. The Executive has the power and authority to generate revenues through the collection of various taxes, levies, fines, summons, custom duties, and fees, to name some, from the general public. ===Judicial=== {{main|Judiciary of Malaysia}} [[File:Putrajaya 4064188579 ec6a5c7efc.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Building taken from a view of the corner. Beige colour, surrounded by columns. A large dome can be seen on the roof, surrounded by 3 others|The [[Palace of Justice (Malaysia)|Palace of Justice]] in [[Putrajaya]], housing the [[Court of Appeal of Malaysia|Court of Appeal]] and the [[Federal Court of Malaysia|Federal Court]]]] The [[Judiciary of Malaysia|judiciary]] is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.mmu.edu.my/~husni/chap4.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708114238/http://www1.mmu.edu.my/~husni/chap4.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-07-08 |title=The Malaysian Government System }}</ref> although supporters of the government hold many judicial positions.<ref name="Huffington">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/thor-halvorssen/malaysias-bridge-is-falli_b_651617.html |title=Malaysia's Bridge is Falling Down |work=Huffington Post |date=19 July 2010 |access-date=6 November 2010 |first=Thor |last=Halvorssen}}</ref> The highest court in the judicial system is the [[Federal Court of Malaysia|Federal Court]], followed by the [[Court of Appeal of Malaysia|Court of Appeal]], and two [[High Courts of Malaysia|High Courts]], one for [[Peninsular Malaysia]], and one for [[East Malaysia]]. The subordinate courts in each of these jurisdictions include Sessions Courts, Magistrates' Courts, and Courts for Children. Malaysia also has a Special Court to hear cases brought by or against all Royalty.<ref name="criminal court system">{{cite web |url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/ |title=Malaysian criminal court system |publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers |access-date=15 December 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/ |archive-date=15 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Special Court was established in 1993 to hear cases brought by or against any Rulers. Before its establishment, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity.<ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=|verse=Article 43 |range=-2 }}, now amended.</ref> Rulers include the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (the elected Monarch), and the [[heads of state]] of Malaysia's component states. Separate from the civil courts are the [[Syariah Court]]s, which decide on cases which involve Malaysian Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6703155.stm |title=Malaysia rejects Christian appeal |work=BBC News |date=30 May 2007 |access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> These courts run parallel to the normal court system, and are undergoing reforms that include the first ever appointment of female judges.<ref>{{cite news|last=England |first=Vaudine |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10567857 |title=Malaysian groups welcome first Islamic women judges |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=9 July 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> Debate exists in Malaysia over whether the country should be secular or Islamic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/world/view/malaysia-sharia-court-allows-muslim-to-renounce-islam |title=Malaysia sharia court allows Muslim to renounce Islam |publisher=Japantoday.com |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081839/http://www.japantoday.com/category/world/view/malaysia-sharia-court-allows-muslim-to-renounce-islam |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some state governments controlled by the [[Malaysian Islamic Party|Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), including that of Terengganu, have passed Islamic laws, but these have not gone into effect due to opposition from the federal government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simonbaker.me/2/hi/asia-pacific/2116032.stm |title=Malaysian state passes Islamic law |publisher=Simonbaker.me |date=8 July 2002 |access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> {{Clear}}
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