Editing Politics of Italy (section)

====Entrance of the Socialists to the government====
The main event in the First Republic in the 1960s was the inclusion of the Italian Socialist Party in the government after the reducing edge of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (DC) had forced them to accept this alliance. In 1960, attempts to incorporate the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI) within the [[Tambroni Cabinet]], a [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]]<ref name="Ceccarini-Newell 2019">{{cite book |author1-last=Newell |author1-first=James L. |author2-last=Ceccarini |author2-first=Luigi |year=2019 |chapter=Introduction: The Paradoxical Election |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ6SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |editor1-last=Newell |editor1-first=James L. |editor2-last=Ceccarini |editor2-first=Luigi |title=The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=4 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-13617-8_1 |isbn=978-3-030-13617-8}}</ref> far-right party and the only surviving political remnant of the [[Republican Fascist Party]] that was disbanded in the aftermath of the [[Italian Civil War]] (1943–1945), led to short-lived [[riot]]s in the summer of the same year;<ref name="Levy-Bessel 2000">{{cite book |author-last=Levy |author-first=Carl |author-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |year=2000 |orig-year=1996 |chapter=From Fascism to "Post-Fascists": Italian Roads to Modernity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJvzjv12CkcC&pg=PA188 |editor-last=Bessel |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=Richard Bessel |title=Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=188–190 |isbn=9780521477116}}</ref> as a consequence, [[Fernando Tambroni]] was eventually replaced by the Christian Democrat politician [[Amintore Fanfani]] as Prime Minister of Italy.

[[Aldo Moro]], a relatively left-leaning Christian Democrat, inspired the alliance between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Socialist Party. He would later try to include the Italian Communist Party as well with a deal called the "[[Historic Compromise|historic compromise]]". However, this attempt at compromise was stopped by the [[kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro]] in 1978 by the [[Red Brigades]] (BR), an extremist [[Left-wing terrorism|left-wing terrorist organization]].<ref name="Rossi 2021">{{cite journal |author-last=Rossi |author-first=Federica |date=April 2021 |title=The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness |editor-last=Treiber |editor-first=Kyle |journal=[[European Journal of Criminology]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=381–400 |location=[[Los Angeles]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] on behalf of the [[European Society of Criminology]] |doi=10.1177/14773708211008441 |doi-access=free |issn=1741-2609 |s2cid=234835036 |quote=The [[Years of Lead (Italy)|1970s in Italy]] were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of [[Far-left politics|far-left]] [[Terrorism in Italy|extra-parliamentary organizations]], the presence of a [[militant]] [[Far-right politics in Italy|far right movement]], and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from [[sabotage]] and damage to property, to [[kidnapping]]s and [[Targeted killing|targeted assassinations]], were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup.}}</ref>

The Italian Communist Party was at this point the largest communist party in [[Western Europe]], and remained such for the rest of its existence. Their ability to attract members was largely due to their pragmatic stance, especially their rejection of political extremism and to their growing independence from the [[Soviet Union]] (see [[Eurocommunism]]). The Italian Communist Party was especially strong in regions like [[Emilia-Romagna]] and [[Tuscany]], where communists had been elected to stable government positions.<ref name="Almagisti 2015"/> This practical political experience may have contributed to their taking a more pragmatic approach to politics.<ref>Joan Barth Urban, '' Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: From Togliatti to Berlinguer'' (IB Tauris, 1986).</ref>