Editing Politics of China (section)

== Legal system ==
{{Main|Law of the People's Republic of China}}
[[File:余华英拐卖儿童案二审.jpg|thumb|A trial by the [[Guizhou]] [[High People's Court]]]]

=== Nationality and ethnicity law ===
{{See also|Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China|Regional ethnic autonomy system of China}}

Nationality is granted at birth to children with at least one Chinese-national parent, with some exceptions. In general, [[naturalization]] or the obtainment of the People's Republic of China nationality is difficult. The Nationality Law prescribes only three conditions for the obtainment of PRC nationality (marriage to a PRC national is one, permanent residence is another). PRC nationals who acquire a foreign nationality automatically lose Chinese nationality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China {{!}} Immigration Department |url=https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/residents/immigration/chinese/law.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.immd.gov.hk |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113112934/https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/residents/immigration/chinese/law.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2023}} State functionaries and military personnel on active service are not permitted to renounce their Chinese nationality. If a citizen wishes to resume PRC nationality, foreign nationality is no longer recognized.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceus//eng/ywzn/lsyw/vpna/faq/t710012.htm |website=www.mfa.gov.cn |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192813/https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceus//eng/ywzn/lsyw/vpna/faq/t710012.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2023}}

==== Policies toward Uyghurs ====
{{Main|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}
{{Further|Xinjiang internment camps}}
In 2020, widespread public reporting detailed the Chinese government's pattern of [[human rights violations]] in its continuing maltreatment of [[Uyghurs]].<ref name="indy">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title='Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422051855/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title='Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425012712/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |archive-date=25 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide' |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121105242/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture |url=https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414154451/https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> These abuses include forced labor, [[Xinjiang internment camps|arbitrary detainment]], forced political indoctrination, destruction of cultural heritage, and forced abortions and sterilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c|title = China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization|website = [[Associated Press]]|date = 20 April 2021|access-date = 9 October 2020|archive-date = 16 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |date=2020-06-29 |title=China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222610/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713 |archive-date=2020-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-06 |title=China accused of genocide over forced abortions of Uighur Muslim women as escapees reveal widespread sexual torture |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-uighur-muslim-women-abortions-sexual-abuse-genocide-a9144721.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208075342/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-uighur-muslim-women-abortions-sexual-abuse-genocide-a9144721.html |archive-date=2019-12-08 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> Critics of the policy have described it as the [[sinicization]] of [[Xinjiang]] and called it an [[ethnocide]] or [[cultural genocide]], with many activists, [[NGO]]s, human rights experts, government officials, and the [[U.S. government]] calling it a [[genocide]].<ref name="fore_Mene">{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Menendez, Cornyn Introduce Bipartisan Resolution to Designate Uyghur Human Rights Abuses by China as Genocide|url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-cornyn-introduce-bipartisan-resolution-to-designate-uyghur-human-rights-abuses-by-china-as-genocide|access-date=18 December 2020|work=foreign.senate.gov|publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]]|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226160250/https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-cornyn-introduce-bipartisan-resolution-to-designate-uyghur-human-rights-abuses-by-china-as-genocide|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="icij_Brit">{{Cite web|last=Alecci|first=Scilla|date=14 October 2020|title=British lawmakers call for sanctions over Uighur human rights abuses|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205093005/https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ourc_Comm">{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Committee News Release – October 21, 2020 – SDIR (43–2)|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/SDIR/news-release/10903199|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=[[House of Commons of Canada]]|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024021902/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/SDIR/news-release/10903199|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj._U.S._says">{{Cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |last2=Xiao |first2=Eva |date=2021-01-19 |title=U.S. Says China Is Committing Genocide Against Uighur Muslims |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-declares-chinas-treatment-of-uighur-muslims-to-be-genocide-11611081555 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-24 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119184426/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-declares-chinas-treatment-of-uighur-muslims-to-be-genocide-11611081555 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quartz-genocide">{{cite news|last=Steger|first=Isabella|date=20 August 2020|title=On Xinjiang, even those wary of Holocaust comparisons are reaching for the word "genocide"|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|url=https://qz.com/1892791/a-consensus-is-growing-that-chinas-uyhgurs-face-genocide/|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023143016/https://qz.com/1892791/a-consensus-is-growing-that-chinas-uyhgurs-face-genocide/|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> The Chinese government denies it is committing human rights violations in Xinjiang.<ref name="cnn-fax">{{cite news |author=Ivan Watson, Rebecca Wright and Ben Westcott |date=21 September 2020 |title=Xinjiang government confirms huge birth rate drop but denies forced sterilization of women |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111925/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|doi=10.3390/laws9010001|doi-access=free|title=The Uyghur Minority in China: A Case Study of Cultural Genocide, Minority Rights and the Insufficiency of the International Legal Framework in Preventing State-Imposed Extinction |year=2020 |last1=Finnegan |first1=Ciara |journal=Laws |volume=9 |page=1}}</ref>