Editing Plutarch (section)

==Influence==
[[File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png|thumb|Plutarch in the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'' ]]
[[File:Plutarch of Chaeronea-03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Modern portrait at [[Chaeronea]], based on the bust from Delphi]]
There are multiple translations of ''Parallel Lives'' into Latin, most notably the one titled "Pour le Dauphin" (French for "for the Prince") written by a scribe in the court of [[Louis XV of France]] and a 1470 [[Ulrich Han]] translation. In 1519, Hieronymus Emser translated ''De capienda ex inimicis utilitate'' (''wie ym eyner seinen veyndt nutz machen kan'', Leipzig). The biographies were translated by Gottlob Benedict von Schirach (1743–1804) and printed in Vienna by Franz Haas (1776–1780). Plutarch's ''Lives'' and ''Moralia'' were translated into German by [[Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser]].

===France and England===
Plutarch's writings had an enormous influence on [[English Literature|English]] and [[French literature]]. 

[[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]]'s ''[[Essays (Montaigne)|Essays]]'' draw extensively on Plutarch's ''Moralia'' and are consciously modelled on the Greek's easygoing and discursive inquiries into science, manners, customs and beliefs. ''Essays'' contains more than 400 references to Plutarch and his works.<ref name="NewCriterion" /> 

[[Jacques Amyot]]'s translations brought Plutarch's works to French readers. He went to Italy and studied the Vatican text of Plutarch, from which he published a French translation of the ''Lives'' in 1559 and ''Moralia'' in 1572, which were widely read by educated Europe.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Amyot, Jacques | volume= 01 | page = 901 |quote=  He was thus enabled to go to Italy to study the Vatican text of Plutarch, on the translation on whose Lives (1559; 1565) he had been some time engaged.}}</ref> Amyot's translations had as deep an impression in England as France, because [[Sir Thomas North]] later published his English translation of the ''Lives'' in 1579 based on Amyot's French translation instead of the original Greek.<ref>Denton, John. “Renaissance Translation Strategies and the Manipulation of a Classical Text. Plutarch from Jacques Amyot to Thomas North”. Europe Et Traduction, edited by Michel Ballard, Artois Presses Université, 1998, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.6433.</ref> [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] paraphrased parts of [[Thomas North]]'s translation of selected ''Lives'' in [[Shakespeare's plays|his plays]], and occasionally quoted from them verbatim.{{sfn|Honigmann|1959}}

The complete ''Moralia'' was first translated into English from the original Greek by [[Philemon Holland]] in 1603. In 1683, [[John Dryden]] began a life of Plutarch and oversaw a translation of the ''Lives'' by several hands and based on the original Greek. This translation has been reworked and revised several times, most recently in the 19th century by the English poet and classicist [[Arthur Hugh Clough]] (first published in 1859). One contemporary publisher of this version is [[Modern Library]]. Another is ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' in association with the University of Chicago, {{ISBN|0-85229-163-9}}, 1952, {{LCCN|5510323}}. In 1770, English brothers [[John Langhorne (poet)|John]] and [[William Langhorne (clergyman)|William Langhorne]] published "Plutarch's ''Lives'' from the original Greek, with notes critical and historical, and a new life of Plutarch" in 6 volumes and dedicated to Lord Folkestone. Their translation was re-edited by Archdeacon Wrangham in the year 1813.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] quotes from Plutarch in the 1762 ''[[Emile, or On Education]]'', a treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. Rousseau introduces a passage from Plutarch in support of his position against eating meat: {{"'}}You ask me', said Plutarch, 'why [[Pythagoras]] abstained from eating the flesh of beasts...{{'"}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Emile, or On Education|last=Rousseau|first=Jean-Jacques|publisher=JM Dent & Sons / EP Dutton & Co|year=1911|url=http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2256/Rousseau_1499_Bk.pdf|page=118|translator-last=Foxley|translator-first=Barbara}}</ref> 

[[James Boswell]] quoted Plutarch on writing lives, rather than biographies, in the introduction to his own ''[[Life of Samuel Johnson]]''.{{cn|date=March 2025}} 
===America===
[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and the [[transcendentalists]] were greatly influenced by the ''Moralia'' and in his glowing introduction to the five-volume, 19th-century edition, he called the ''Lives'' "a bible for heroes".<ref>{{cite book|last=Emerson|first=Ralph Waldo|editor=William W. Goodwin|title=Plutarch's Morals|year=1870|publisher=Sampson, Low|location=London|page=xxi|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>